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  string(1616) "Background: Schizophrenia and bipolar disorder are the most serious and debilitating psychiatric diseases affecting each approximately 1% of the population (1). Antipsychotic drugs are used for the treatment of both conditions, but recently their efficacy compared to placebo was questioned, especially for patients with milder symptoms (2). Our research group has recently published an individual participant data meta-analysis examining the influence of baseline severity on the efficacy of antipsychotic drugs in the acute treatment of schizophrenia (3). We found that the interactions between baseline symptom severity and treatment were statistically significant.

Objective: Our goal is to replicate these results in a larger sample and also assess whether the same applies to bipolar mania.

Study design: We plan to perform meta-analyses of individual participant data to investigate the relationship between baseline symptom severity and subsequent symptom change comparing antipsychotics versus placebo.

Participants: Patients with schizophrenia and bipolar mania, in the acute phase of their illness, will be included in two separate analyses.

Main outcome measure: Our main outcome measure will be the change scores on the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) (4) for patients with schizophrenia and on the Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS) (5) for patients with bipolar mania.

Statistical analysis: The relationship between baseline and change scores for the drug and placebo groups will be examined with mixed-effects models for repeated measures analysis (MMRM)."
  ["project_brief_bg"]=>
  string(2024) "Antipsychotic drugs are used for the treatment of both schizophrenia and bipolar mania, either in the acute phase for symptoms? control (6, 7) or in the long term for relapse prevention (8, 9). Nevertheless, the efficacy of many psychotropic agents has been recently called into question. Starting with antidepressants, some studies argued they may be less efficacious for the milder spectrum of the disorder compared to placebo leading to a general mistrust towards psychiatry and the efficacy of its treatments (2, 10, 11). The impact on patients? adherence is still unknown but, given the extensive media coverage of the topic, this is a major issue of public health importance. Our research group has recently published an individual participant data meta-analysis in the acute treatment of schizophrenia examining the influence of baseline severity on the efficacy of antipsychotic drugs (3). We found that benefits from antipsychotic drugs are expected for all patients with acute schizophrenia and for highly symptomatic patients with predominant negative symptoms. However, efficacy was lower in less ill patients; thus, clinicians need to take into account that patients with milder symptoms benefit less in terms of symptom improvement but may still experience full side-effects of antipsychotics. On the other hand, clinicians should also bear in mind that antipsychotic action is not limited in the treatment of active symptoms; it also includes relapse prevention among patients in remission.

We intend to replicate our previous findings in a larger sample of patients, including more antipsychotic drugs and also extend the analysis to patients suffering from bipolar mania since the effect of baseline severity on efficacy may constitute a general pattern rather than a confined phenomenon (12). The results of our planned study could have a major impact on future guidelines and everyday clinical practice. We attach our original publication which provides further details of the planned analysis (3)."
  ["project_specific_aims"]=>
  string(380) "Our primary hypothesis is that antipsychotic drugs have greater efficacy compared to placebo for all patients suffering from acute schizophrenia or bipolar mania, irrespectively of their baseline symptom severity, but also that more severely ill patients do benefit more (3, 13-18). Our objective is either to confirm or refute this hypothesis based on a large sample of patients."
  ["project_study_design"]=>
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  string(902) "Individual participant data from randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing the efficacy of antipsychotics versus placebo in the acute phase treatment of schizophrenia and bipolar mania will be included. The data from RCTs in schizophrenia and bipolar mania will be analyzed separately. Ideally, all placebo-controlled trials that examine the efficacy of antipsychotic drugs in the acute treatment of these two conditions will be included, irrespectively of the route of drug administration. Six-week duration will be the primary endpoint, but trials with other endpoints ranging from 4 to 12 weeks will be also included. Of all antipsychotic treatment arms in the RCTs, we will include only the arms that are within the US FDA labels (for schizophrenia or bipolar mania) or the target to maximum doses according to the International Consensus Study of Antipsychotic Dosing (for schizophrenia) (22)."
  ["project_main_outcome_measure"]=>
  string(474) "Symptom change from baseline to 6 weeks (4-12) will be our main outcome. All assessment time points (from baseline to endpoint) will be used in the analysis. Symptom change will be measured by total score reduction in symptom severity scales. We aim to use the same outcome measure across all trials in the field of schizophrenia and perform the meta-analysis using one scale (e.g. PANSS); the same will be attempted for all trials in the field of bipolar mania (e.g. YMRS)."
  ["project_main_predictor_indep"]=>
  string(682) "Baseline symptom severity will be the main predictor (independent variable) in our study. It will be defined as the total score in symptom severity scales such as PANSS for schizophrenia and YMRS in bipolar mania. We will investigate the relationship between baseline symptom severity and subsequent symptom change comparing antipsychotics versus placebo in the acute treatment of patients with schizophrenia or bipolar mania. The two conditions (schizophrenia and bipolar mania) will be analyzed separately in order to assess whether potential effects of baseline severity on antipsychotic efficacy are restricted to a specific psychiatric disorder or is a more general phenomenon."
  ["project_other_variables_interest"]=>
  string(1191) "Sub-scores of the symptom severity scales representing specific groups of symptoms (e.g. positive and negative symptoms in schizophrenia) and single items will be assessed separately to examine whether baseline severity has the same effect on the subsequent symptom reduction.

In addition, patient characteristics such as age, sex, duration of illness, duration of untreated psychosis, number of hospitalizations etc. will be examined for their possible confounding effect on antipsychotic efficacy. As we would like to calculate the number needed to treat (NNT) of achieving a minimally important change for different baseline severity scores, we will conduct a linking analysis between YMRS and CGI-BP scales (e.g. what do the different cutoffs in the YMRS scale mean). Results of the linking analysis are very important both for clinicians and researchers and are necessary for NNT calculation.

Finally, we will use a network analysis to identify a system (network) of schizophrenia and bipolar symptoms and the most central schizophrenia and bipolar symptoms based on the YMRS and PANSS respectively; and Item Response Theory to identify a short YMRS and PANSS if possible."
  ["project_stat_analysis_plan"]=>
  string(1710) "We will conduct individual participant data meta-analysis to examine the relationship between baseline symptom severity and the differences in change scores between the antipsychotic drugs and placebo using a mixed-effects model repeated measures (MMRM) analysis with maximum likelihood estimation (20, 21). The number of levels of the MMRM analysis will account for the data structure such as the represented time, the participant, and the trial. The resulting competing models with increasing complexity will be tested unadjusted and adjusted for confounders (e.g. age, sex, duration of illnessMetc.). The model with the smallest Bayesian Information Criterion (BIC) will be chosen as the most parsimonious (22). We will report results based on the best fitting models.

Sensitivity analyses will be conducted comparing the different competing models as produced by the different levels of the MMRM analysis. To examine whether the overall results observed with the total score hold also for specific groups of symptoms such as the positive and negative symptoms in schizophrenia or specific single items in schizophrenia and mania, we will run the same analyses for the positive/negative symptoms or the single items separately.

To calculate the number needed to treat of achieving a minimally important change for different baseline severity scores, we will conduct a linking analysis between YMRS and CGI-BP scales. Finally, we will use (i) a network analysis to identify a system (network) of schizophrenia and bipolar symptoms and the most central schizophrenia and bipolar symptoms based on the  PANSS and YMRS; and (ii) Item Response Theory to identify a short YMRS and PANSS if possible."
  ["project_timeline"]=>
  string(506) "The project is anticipated to start as soon as the data are available to us. Immediately after request approval , the study protocol will be published online (milestone 1). We will then need approximately 6 months to complete the analyses (milestone 2) and additional three months to draft the manuscript (milestone 3). In about one year after obtaining the data, the first paper will be submitted for publication  and, at the same time, all results will be reported back to the YODA Project (milestone 4)."
  ["project_dissemination_plan"]=>
  string(473) "Beyond publications in major medical journals (American Journal of Psychiatry, JAMA Psychiatry, The Lancet Psychiatry etc.), we plan to organise symposia at major international and psychiatric conferences. Our findings will be implemented in national and international treatment guidelines for some of which Prof. Stefan Leucht is a (co-)editor (among others he is leading the schizophrenia guideline group of the Collegium Internationale Neuropsychopharmacologicum, CINP)."
  ["project_bibliography"]=>
  string(4747) "
1. Cosgrove VE, Suppes T. Informing DSM-5: biological boundaries between bipolar I disorder, schizoaffective disorder, and schizophrenia. BMC medicine. 2013;11:127.

2. Kirsch I, Deacon BJ, Huedo-Medina TB, Scoboria A, Moore TJ, Johnson BT. Initial severity and antidepressant benefits: a meta-analysis of data submitted to the Food and Drug Administration. PLoS Med. 2008;5:e45.

3. Furukawa TA, Levine SZ, Tanaka S, Goldberg Y, Samara M, Davis JM, Cipriani A, Leucht S. Initial Severity of Schizophrenia and Efficacy of Antipsychotics: Participant-Level Meta-analysis of 6 Placebo-Controlled Studies. JAMA psychiatry. 2014.

4. Kay SR, Fiszbein A, Opler LA. The positive and negative syndrome scale (PANSS) for schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull. 1987;13:261-276.

5. Young RC, Biggs JT, Ziegler VE, Meyer DA. A rating scale for mania: reliability, validity and sensitivity. The British journal of psychiatry : the journal of mental science. 1978;133:429-435.

6. Leucht S, Cipriani A, Spineli L, Mavridis D, Orey D, Richter F, Samara M, Barbui C, Engel RR, Geddes JR, Kissling W, Stapf MP, Lassig B, Salanti G, Davis JM. Comparative efficacy and tolerability of 15 antipsychotic drugs in schizophrenia: a multiple-treatments meta-analysis. Lancet. 2013.

7. Cipriani A, Barbui C, Salanti G, Rendell J, Brown R, Stockton S, Purgato M, Spineli LM, Goodwin GM, Geddes JR. Comparative efficacy and acceptability of antimanic drugs in acute mania: a multiple-treatments meta-analysis. Lancet. 2011;378:1306-1315.

8. Leucht S, Tardy M, Komossa K, Heres S, Kissling W, Salanti G, Davis JM. Antipsychotic drugs versus placebo for relapse prevention in schizophrenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet. 2012;379:2063-2071.

9. Vieta E, Gunther O, Locklear J, Ekman M, Miltenburger C, Chatterton ML, Astrom M, Paulsson B. Effectiveness of psychotropic medications in the maintenance phase of bipolar disorder: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. The international journal of neuropsychopharmacology / official scientific journal of the Collegium Internationale Neuropsychopharmacologicum. 2011;14:1029-1049.

10. Fournier JC, DeRubeis RJ, Hollon SD, Dimidjian S, Amsterdam JD, Shelton RC, Fawcett J. Antidepressant drug effects and depression severity: a patient-level meta-analysis. JAMA. 2010;303:47-53.

11. Khan A, Brodhead AE, Kolts RL, Brown WA. Severity of depressive symptoms and response to antidepressants and placebo in antidepressant trials. J Psychiatr Res. 2005;39:145-150.

12. Wilder J. The law of initial value in neurology and psychiatry; facts and problems. J Nerv Ment Dis. 1957;125:73-86.

13. Awad AG, Gaebel W: Prediction of Neuroleptic Treatment Outcome in Schizophrenia: Concepts and Methods. New York, Springer-Verlag; 1994.

14. Rabinowitz J, Werbeloff N, Caers I, Mandel FS, Stauffer V, Menard F, Kinon BJ, Kapur S. Determinants of antipsychotic response in schizophrenia: implications for practice and future clinical trials. The Journal of clinical psychiatry. 2014;75:e308-316.

15. Stern RG, Kahn RS, Davidson M. Predictors of response to neuroleptic treatment in schizophrenia. The Psychiatric clinics of North America. 1993;16:313-338.

16. Kraemer S, Chartier F, Augendre-Ferrante B, Psarra V, D’Yachkova Y, Beselin A, Rouillon F. Effectiveness of two formulations of oral olanzapine in patients with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder in a natural setting: results from a 1-year European observational study. Human psychopharmacology. 2012;27:284-294.

17. Bos EH, Merea R, van den Brink E, Sanderman R, Bartels-Velthuis AA. Mindfulness training in a heterogeneous psychiatric sample: outcome evaluation and comparison of different diagnostic groups. Journal of clinical psychology. 2014;70:60-71.

18. McIntyre RS, Tohen M, Berk M, Zhao J, Weiller E. DSM-5 mixed specifier for manic episodes: evaluating the effect of depressive features on severity and treatment outcome using asenapine clinical trial data. Journal of affective disorders. 2013;150:378-383.

19. Gardner DM, Murphy AL, O’Donnell H, Centorrino F, Baldessarini RJ. International consensus study of antipsychotic dosing. Am J Psychiatry. 2010;167:686-693.

20. Gibbons RD, Hur K, Brown CH, Davis JM, Mann JJ. Benefits from antidepressants: Synthesis of 6-week patient-level outcomes from double-blind placebo-controlled randomized trials of fluoxetine and venlafaxine. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2012.

21. Hedeker D, Gibbons RD: Longitudinal Data Analysis. Hoboken, New Jersey, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.; 2006.

22. Schwarz G, Gideon E. Estimating the dimension of a model. Annals of Statistics 1978;6:461-464.
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pi affil
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products
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