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  ["property_scientific_abstract"]=>
  string(3362) "Background: Behavioral and psychiatric symptoms of dementia (BPSD) are common features of Alzheimer?s Disease (AD) and include symptoms of psychosis, depression, irritability, and aggression [1]. Although BPSD are a primary cause of caregiver burden and patient distress, few pharmacological treatments exist for safe and long-term amelioration of their negative effects [2]. Development of new therapeutics for BPSD is complicated by high levels of placebo response observed across multiple independent clinical trials of patients with dementia [3], which could arise from a number of factors, including regression toward the mean, expectancy bias, psychosocial effects of trial enrollment, and baseline clinical and demographic patient characteristics [4]. This placebo response has even motivated the use of alternative trial frameworks to mitigate placebo, such as sequential parallel comparison design. Understanding factors associated with placebo response is therefore critical for optimally designing clinical trials to meet the outstanding need of AD patients suffering from BPSD.  
Objective: We will quantify the magnitude, onset, and duration of BPSD placebo response across multiple randomized clinical trials of AD and non-AD dementia. We will further identify replicable study- and individual-level predictors of BPSD placebo response.
Study Design: We will perform both individual-level analyses and study-level meta-analyses to identify predictors of BPSD severity change in the placebo arm of clinical trials studying AD and non-AD dementia. The relationship between available individual-level features and BPSD placebo response will be tested using standard regression frameworks, multivariate predictive models, as well as causal inference approaches.
Participants: Participants will be drawn from clinical trials of AD and non-AD dementia that contain an assessment of BPSD symptoms (e.g. NPI, CMAI, BEHAVE-AD).
Primary and Secondary Outcome Measure(s): The primary outcome will be placebo response on the Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI), NPI subscales, CMAI, and BEHAVE-AD. Secondary outcome measures will include placebo response on the Clinical Global Improvement (CGI) scale.
Statistical Analysis: We will use mixed-effect meta-regression to test the relationship between study-level features and placebo response [5]. Study-level features may include sample size, number of sites, year, mean symptom severity, and mean caregiver burden. For individual-level analyses, we will use multivariate regression, multivariate predictive models (e.g. regularized linear regression, ensemble methods like XGBoost and Random Forests, Hierarchical Bayesian Regression), as well as causal inference approaches (e.g. Double Machine Learning, Doubly Robust Learning, meta-learners, Bayesian causal inference) to assess the relationship between individual-level features and BPSD placebo response. Bayesian hierarchical modeling will be used to jointly model study-level effects and individual-level feature?s effect on BPSD placebo response. Finally, we will investigate the longitudinal timing, onset, and duration of the placebo response using linear mixed models and generalized models for location, scale, and shape (GAMLSS), a robust statistical framework for modeling longitudinal trajectories [6]." ["project_brief_bg"]=> string(1538) "AD is a common and devastating neurodegenerative disorder that primarily affects cognition and memory with accompanying neuropsychiatric symptoms that include psychosis, depression, irritability, and aggression [7]. Referred to as behavioral and psychiatric symptoms of dementia (BPSD), such symptoms are associated with worse patient outcomes, including rapid disease progression, earlier admission to permanent care facilities, and increased caregiver burden [8,9]. Current treatment approaches for psychiatric symptoms in AD include antipsychotics, antidepressants, benzodiazepines, and anticonvulsants [10]. However, these medications have both limited efficacy and significant adverse effects, including sedation, extrapyramidal symptoms, cardiovascular risks, and increased mortality [10].
Given the limitations of current treatment options for psychiatric symptoms in AD, there is an urgent need to characterize patient responses to pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions. The development of novel pharmacological treatments has been particularly hindered by a limited understanding of patient characteristics linked with placebo response, which can complicate the interpretation of clinical trial results. Multiple studies have reported significant BPSD symptom improvement in the placebo arms of randomized clinical trials [4], motivating the adoption of trial designs that mitigate placebo response. This research project aims to advance our understanding of BPSD placebo response in AD clinical trials." ["project_specific_aims"]=> string(250) "This project aims to quantify the duration, onset, and course of BPSD placebo response in existing randomized clinical trials of AD and non-AD dementia. We will further identify individual-level causal factors underlying exaggerated placebo response." ["project_study_design"]=> string(0) "" ["project_study_design_exp"]=> string(0) "" ["project_purposes"]=> array(0) { } ["project_purposes_exp"]=> string(0) "" ["project_software_used"]=> string(0) "" ["project_software_used_exp"]=> string(0) "" ["project_research_methods"]=> string(293) "We will analyze clinical trials of AD and non-AD dementia that include a placebo arm and measure of BPSD. Requested trials must include RIS-INT-83, RIS-USA-232, GAL-USA-10, GAL-MVD-302, GAL-INT-10, GAL-INT-2, GAL-INT-6, GAL-CHN-T100, GAL-ALZ-302, RIS-INT-24, RIS-USA-63, RIS-AUS-5, RIS-BEL-14." ["project_main_outcome_measure"]=> string(181) "Primary outcome measures will be placebo response on the NPI, CMAI, and/or BEHAVE-AD scales (and their item-level subscales). Secondary outcomes include placebo response on the CGI." ["project_main_predictor_indep"]=> string(1315) "The main predictors to be analyzed will include patient demographic and clinical characteristics.
Demographics will include:
- Age
- Sex
- Race/ethnicity
- Country
- Study site.
Clinical characteristics include:
- At-home vs care facility
- Caregiver type (e.g. relative vs nurse)
- Baseline BPSD severity (e.g. NPI, CMAI, and/or BEHAVE-AD)
- Time since dementia/BPSD onset
- Dementia type (e.g. amnestic vs non-amnestic)
- Cognitive impairment (e.g. MMSE)
- Dementia severity and domain (e.g. ADAS)
- Psychiatric history
- Patient capacity (e.g. ADL)
- Baseline CGI
- Vital signs
- Neurological history (e.g. stroke)
Meta-analytic analyses will include study level characteristics such as:
- Study year
- Trial length
- Number of study sites
- Size of placebo arm
- Trial design (two vs multi-arm)
- Percent male/female
- Percent patients in care facility
- Mean age
- Enrollment criteria
- Mean BPSD severity
- Mean caregiver burden
The independent variables examined may change slightly after closer inspection of raw measurement data available in the requested YODA clinical trials." ["project_other_variables_interest"]=> string(0) "" ["project_stat_analysis_plan"]=> string(2382) "We will use mixed-effect meta-regression to test the relationship between study-level features and placebo response5. Study-level features may include sample size, number of sites, year, mean symptom severity, and mean caregiver burden. For individual-level analyses, we will use multivariate regression, multivariate predictive models (e.g. regularized linear regression, ensemble methods like XGBoost and Random Forests, Hierarchical Bayesian Regression), as well as causal inference approaches (e.g. Double Machine Learning, Doubly Robust Learning, meta-learners, Bayesian causal inference) to assess the relationship between individual-level features and BPSD placebo response. Bayesian hierarchical modeling will be used to jointly model study-level effects and individual-level feature?s effect on BPSD placebo response. Finally, we will investigate the longitudinal timing, onset, and duration of the placebo response using linear mixed models and generalized models for location, scale, and shape (GAMLSS), a robust statistical framework for modeling longitudinal trajectories6.
We will employ both meta-analytic and individual trial analyses in this project. We will focus analyses on patients with clinically significant BPSD symptoms. Meta-analytic techniques will identify study-level characteristics (e.g. mean age, site size, enrollment criteria) associated with increased placebo response. For example, prior studies noted an increase in BPSD placebo response over time, so we will control for study year in our analyses [3]. Individual trial analyses will identify patient-level baseline characteristics (e.g. overall severity, caretaker burden) associated with increased BPSD improvement in the placebo arm. Parallel regression analyses will employ proper corrections for multiple comparisons when determining statistical significance and we will assess study-level characteristics that may bias results, such as patient drop out. Multivariate predictive models will be trained in a cross-validation framework and care will be taken to avoid data leakage between training and test data. When possible, a leave-one-study-out framework will be used to provide the strongest test of model generalization. Across analyses, we will focus on clinical and demographic features that are present across multiple clinical trials to allow for replication of results." ["project_timeline"]=> string(261) "Anticipated Project Start Date: Sept 1 2023
Meta Analyses Completion Date: December 2023
Individual Analyses Completion Date: June 2024
Manuscript Drafted: July 2024
Manuscript Submitted and Results Reported back to YODA: August 2024" ["project_dissemination_plan"]=> string(133) "This work will be submitted for publication in a peer-reviewed academic journal if our analyses yield results that merit publication." ["project_bibliography"]=> string(1810) "

1. Zhao, Q.-F. et al. The prevalence of neuropsychiatric symptoms in Alzheimer?s disease: Systematic review and meta-analysis. J. Affect. Disord. 190, 264?271 (2016).
2. Watt, J. A. et al. Safety of pharmacologic interventions for neuropsychiatric symptoms in dementia: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. BMC Geriatr. 20, 212 (2020).
3. Hyde, A. J., May, B. H., Xue, C. C. & Zhang, A. L. Variation in Placebo Effect Sizes in Clinical Trials of Oral Interventions for Management of the Behavioral and Psychological Symptoms of Dementia (BPSD): A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Am. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry 25, 994?1008 (2017).
4. Cummings, J. New approaches to symptomatic treatments for Alzheimer?s disease. Mol. Neurodegener. 16, 2 (2021).
5. Thompson, S. G. & Higgins, J. P. T. How should meta-regression analyses be undertaken and interpreted? Stat. Med. 21, 1559?1573 (2002).
6. Borghi, E. et al. Construction of the World Health Organization child growth standards: selection of methods for attained growth curves. Stat. Med. 25, 247?265 (2006).
7. Lyketsos, C. G. et al. Neuropsychiatric symptoms in Alzheimer?s disease. Alzheimers Dement. 7, 532?539 (2011).
8. Bergvall, N. et al. Relative importance of patient disease indicators on informal care and caregiver burden in Alzheimer?s disease. Int. Psychogeriatr. 23, 73?85 (2011).
9. Porter, C. N. et al. The influence of caregivers and behavioral and psychological symptoms on nursing home placement of persons with Alzheimer?s disease: A matched case?control study. SAGE Open Med. 4, 205031211666187 (2016).
10. Gerlach, L. B. & Kales, H. C. Pharmacological Management of Neuropsychiatric Symptoms of Dementia. Curr. Treat. Options Psychiatry 7, 489?507 (2020).

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2023-5295

General Information

How did you learn about the YODA Project?: Colleague

Conflict of Interest

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Associated Trial(s):
  1. NCT00253227 - Galantamine in the Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease: Flexible Dose Range Trial
  2. NCT00249158 - Risperidone in the Treatment of Behavioural and Psychological Signs and Symptoms in Dementia (BPSSD): a Multicentre, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled Parallel-group Trial
  3. Risperidone in the treatment of behavioural disturbances in patients with Alzheimer's dementia: a double-blind placebo-controlled trial
  4. NCT00249145 - Risperidone in the Treatment of Behavioral Disturbances in Demented Patients: an International, Multicenter, Placebo-controlled, Double-blind, Parallel-group Trial Using Haloperidol as Internal Reference
  5. Efficacy and safety of a flexible dose of risperidone versus placebo in the treatment of psychosis of Alzheimer’s disease. A double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group study.
  6. NCT00034762 - Efficacy And Safety Of A Flexible Dose Of Risperidone Versus Placebo In The Treatment Of Psychosis Of Alzheimer's Disease
  7. NCT00253123 - A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study of Risperidone for Treatment of Behavioral Disturbances in Subjects With Dementia
  8. NCT00261573 - The Safety and Efficacy of Galantamine in the Treatment of Vascular and Mixed Dementia
  9. NCT00253214 - Placebo-Controlled Evaluation of Galantamine in the Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease: Safety and Efficacy of a Controlled-Release Formulation
  10. Galantamine treatment of vascular dementia: a randomized trial
  11. NCT00216593 - Treatment of Severe Alzheimer's Disease in a Residential Home, Nursing Home, or Geriatric Residential Setting: Evaluation of Efficacy and Safety of Galantamine Hydrobromide in a Randomised, Doubleblind, Placebo-Controlled Study
  12. NCT00645190 - A Randomized, Double Blind, Active Control, Flexible Dose, Multicenter Study to Evaluate Galantamine HBr in the Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease:Safety and Effectiveness of an Immediate-release Table Formulation.
  13. Placebo-controlled evaluation of galantamine in the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease: Evaluation of safety and efficacy under a slow titration regimen
What type of data are you looking for?: Individual Participant-Level Data, which includes Full CSR and all supporting documentation

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Data Request Status

Status: Ongoing

Research Proposal

Project Title: Individual-level and study-level predictors of neuropsychiatric symptom placebo response in Alzheimer?s Disease clinical trials

Scientific Abstract: Background: Behavioral and psychiatric symptoms of dementia (BPSD) are common features of Alzheimer?s Disease (AD) and include symptoms of psychosis, depression, irritability, and aggression [1]. Although BPSD are a primary cause of caregiver burden and patient distress, few pharmacological treatments exist for safe and long-term amelioration of their negative effects [2]. Development of new therapeutics for BPSD is complicated by high levels of placebo response observed across multiple independent clinical trials of patients with dementia [3], which could arise from a number of factors, including regression toward the mean, expectancy bias, psychosocial effects of trial enrollment, and baseline clinical and demographic patient characteristics [4]. This placebo response has even motivated the use of alternative trial frameworks to mitigate placebo, such as sequential parallel comparison design. Understanding factors associated with placebo response is therefore critical for optimally designing clinical trials to meet the outstanding need of AD patients suffering from BPSD.
Objective: We will quantify the magnitude, onset, and duration of BPSD placebo response across multiple randomized clinical trials of AD and non-AD dementia. We will further identify replicable study- and individual-level predictors of BPSD placebo response.
Study Design: We will perform both individual-level analyses and study-level meta-analyses to identify predictors of BPSD severity change in the placebo arm of clinical trials studying AD and non-AD dementia. The relationship between available individual-level features and BPSD placebo response will be tested using standard regression frameworks, multivariate predictive models, as well as causal inference approaches.
Participants: Participants will be drawn from clinical trials of AD and non-AD dementia that contain an assessment of BPSD symptoms (e.g. NPI, CMAI, BEHAVE-AD).
Primary and Secondary Outcome Measure(s): The primary outcome will be placebo response on the Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI), NPI subscales, CMAI, and BEHAVE-AD. Secondary outcome measures will include placebo response on the Clinical Global Improvement (CGI) scale.
Statistical Analysis: We will use mixed-effect meta-regression to test the relationship between study-level features and placebo response [5]. Study-level features may include sample size, number of sites, year, mean symptom severity, and mean caregiver burden. For individual-level analyses, we will use multivariate regression, multivariate predictive models (e.g. regularized linear regression, ensemble methods like XGBoost and Random Forests, Hierarchical Bayesian Regression), as well as causal inference approaches (e.g. Double Machine Learning, Doubly Robust Learning, meta-learners, Bayesian causal inference) to assess the relationship between individual-level features and BPSD placebo response. Bayesian hierarchical modeling will be used to jointly model study-level effects and individual-level feature?s effect on BPSD placebo response. Finally, we will investigate the longitudinal timing, onset, and duration of the placebo response using linear mixed models and generalized models for location, scale, and shape (GAMLSS), a robust statistical framework for modeling longitudinal trajectories [6].

Brief Project Background and Statement of Project Significance: AD is a common and devastating neurodegenerative disorder that primarily affects cognition and memory with accompanying neuropsychiatric symptoms that include psychosis, depression, irritability, and aggression [7]. Referred to as behavioral and psychiatric symptoms of dementia (BPSD), such symptoms are associated with worse patient outcomes, including rapid disease progression, earlier admission to permanent care facilities, and increased caregiver burden [8,9]. Current treatment approaches for psychiatric symptoms in AD include antipsychotics, antidepressants, benzodiazepines, and anticonvulsants [10]. However, these medications have both limited efficacy and significant adverse effects, including sedation, extrapyramidal symptoms, cardiovascular risks, and increased mortality [10].
Given the limitations of current treatment options for psychiatric symptoms in AD, there is an urgent need to characterize patient responses to pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions. The development of novel pharmacological treatments has been particularly hindered by a limited understanding of patient characteristics linked with placebo response, which can complicate the interpretation of clinical trial results. Multiple studies have reported significant BPSD symptom improvement in the placebo arms of randomized clinical trials [4], motivating the adoption of trial designs that mitigate placebo response. This research project aims to advance our understanding of BPSD placebo response in AD clinical trials.

Specific Aims of the Project: This project aims to quantify the duration, onset, and course of BPSD placebo response in existing randomized clinical trials of AD and non-AD dementia. We will further identify individual-level causal factors underlying exaggerated placebo response.

Study Design:

What is the purpose of the analysis being proposed? Please select all that apply.:

Software Used:

Data Source and Inclusion/Exclusion Criteria to be used to define the patient sample for your study: We will analyze clinical trials of AD and non-AD dementia that include a placebo arm and measure of BPSD. Requested trials must include RIS-INT-83, RIS-USA-232, GAL-USA-10, GAL-MVD-302, GAL-INT-10, GAL-INT-2, GAL-INT-6, GAL-CHN-T100, GAL-ALZ-302, RIS-INT-24, RIS-USA-63, RIS-AUS-5, RIS-BEL-14.

Primary and Secondary Outcome Measure(s) and how they will be categorized/defined for your study: Primary outcome measures will be placebo response on the NPI, CMAI, and/or BEHAVE-AD scales (and their item-level subscales). Secondary outcomes include placebo response on the CGI.

Main Predictor/Independent Variable and how it will be categorized/defined for your study: The main predictors to be analyzed will include patient demographic and clinical characteristics.
Demographics will include:
- Age
- Sex
- Race/ethnicity
- Country
- Study site.
Clinical characteristics include:
- At-home vs care facility
- Caregiver type (e.g. relative vs nurse)
- Baseline BPSD severity (e.g. NPI, CMAI, and/or BEHAVE-AD)
- Time since dementia/BPSD onset
- Dementia type (e.g. amnestic vs non-amnestic)
- Cognitive impairment (e.g. MMSE)
- Dementia severity and domain (e.g. ADAS)
- Psychiatric history
- Patient capacity (e.g. ADL)
- Baseline CGI
- Vital signs
- Neurological history (e.g. stroke)
Meta-analytic analyses will include study level characteristics such as:
- Study year
- Trial length
- Number of study sites
- Size of placebo arm
- Trial design (two vs multi-arm)
- Percent male/female
- Percent patients in care facility
- Mean age
- Enrollment criteria
- Mean BPSD severity
- Mean caregiver burden
The independent variables examined may change slightly after closer inspection of raw measurement data available in the requested YODA clinical trials.

Other Variables of Interest that will be used in your analysis and how they will be categorized/defined for your study:

Statistical Analysis Plan: We will use mixed-effect meta-regression to test the relationship between study-level features and placebo response5. Study-level features may include sample size, number of sites, year, mean symptom severity, and mean caregiver burden. For individual-level analyses, we will use multivariate regression, multivariate predictive models (e.g. regularized linear regression, ensemble methods like XGBoost and Random Forests, Hierarchical Bayesian Regression), as well as causal inference approaches (e.g. Double Machine Learning, Doubly Robust Learning, meta-learners, Bayesian causal inference) to assess the relationship between individual-level features and BPSD placebo response. Bayesian hierarchical modeling will be used to jointly model study-level effects and individual-level feature?s effect on BPSD placebo response. Finally, we will investigate the longitudinal timing, onset, and duration of the placebo response using linear mixed models and generalized models for location, scale, and shape (GAMLSS), a robust statistical framework for modeling longitudinal trajectories6.
We will employ both meta-analytic and individual trial analyses in this project. We will focus analyses on patients with clinically significant BPSD symptoms. Meta-analytic techniques will identify study-level characteristics (e.g. mean age, site size, enrollment criteria) associated with increased placebo response. For example, prior studies noted an increase in BPSD placebo response over time, so we will control for study year in our analyses [3]. Individual trial analyses will identify patient-level baseline characteristics (e.g. overall severity, caretaker burden) associated with increased BPSD improvement in the placebo arm. Parallel regression analyses will employ proper corrections for multiple comparisons when determining statistical significance and we will assess study-level characteristics that may bias results, such as patient drop out. Multivariate predictive models will be trained in a cross-validation framework and care will be taken to avoid data leakage between training and test data. When possible, a leave-one-study-out framework will be used to provide the strongest test of model generalization. Across analyses, we will focus on clinical and demographic features that are present across multiple clinical trials to allow for replication of results.

Narrative Summary: Behavioral and psychiatric symptoms of dementia (BPSD) are common features of Alzheimer?s Disease (AD). Development of new therapeutics for BPSD is complicated by high levels of placebo response observed across multiple independent clinical trials of patients with dementia. Understanding factors associated with placebo response is therefore critical for optimally designing clinical trials to meet the outstanding need of AD patients suffering from BPSD.

Project Timeline: Anticipated Project Start Date: Sept 1 2023
Meta Analyses Completion Date: December 2023
Individual Analyses Completion Date: June 2024
Manuscript Drafted: July 2024
Manuscript Submitted and Results Reported back to YODA: August 2024

Dissemination Plan: This work will be submitted for publication in a peer-reviewed academic journal if our analyses yield results that merit publication.

Bibliography:

1. Zhao, Q.-F. et al. The prevalence of neuropsychiatric symptoms in Alzheimer?s disease: Systematic review and meta-analysis. J. Affect. Disord. 190, 264?271 (2016).
2. Watt, J. A. et al. Safety of pharmacologic interventions for neuropsychiatric symptoms in dementia: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. BMC Geriatr. 20, 212 (2020).
3. Hyde, A. J., May, B. H., Xue, C. C. & Zhang, A. L. Variation in Placebo Effect Sizes in Clinical Trials of Oral Interventions for Management of the Behavioral and Psychological Symptoms of Dementia (BPSD): A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Am. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry 25, 994?1008 (2017).
4. Cummings, J. New approaches to symptomatic treatments for Alzheimer?s disease. Mol. Neurodegener. 16, 2 (2021).
5. Thompson, S. G. & Higgins, J. P. T. How should meta-regression analyses be undertaken and interpreted? Stat. Med. 21, 1559?1573 (2002).
6. Borghi, E. et al. Construction of the World Health Organization child growth standards: selection of methods for attained growth curves. Stat. Med. 25, 247?265 (2006).
7. Lyketsos, C. G. et al. Neuropsychiatric symptoms in Alzheimer?s disease. Alzheimers Dement. 7, 532?539 (2011).
8. Bergvall, N. et al. Relative importance of patient disease indicators on informal care and caregiver burden in Alzheimer?s disease. Int. Psychogeriatr. 23, 73?85 (2011).
9. Porter, C. N. et al. The influence of caregivers and behavioral and psychological symptoms on nursing home placement of persons with Alzheimer?s disease: A matched case?control study. SAGE Open Med. 4, 205031211666187 (2016).
10. Gerlach, L. B. & Kales, H. C. Pharmacological Management of Neuropsychiatric Symptoms of Dementia. Curr. Treat. Options Psychiatry 7, 489?507 (2020).