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  string(88) "Reanalysis of Alzheimer?s Disease Clinical Trials Using Longitudinal Latent Trait Models"
  ["project_narrative_summary"]=>
  string(291) "In this project, we plan to reanalyze the datasets of Alzheimer?s disease clinical trials. The objectives are to investigate which cognitive domains carry the most information on the earliest signs of cognitive decline, and which subject characteristics are associated with a faster decline."
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      string(5) "Sheng"
      ["p_pers_l_name"]=>
      string(3) "Luo"
      ["p_pers_degree"]=>
      string(3) "PhD"
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      string(15) "Duke University"
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      string(7) "Haotian"
      ["p_pers_l_name"]=>
      string(3) "Zou"
      ["p_pers_degree"]=>
      string(2) "MA"
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      string(15) "Duke University"
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      string(8) "Xiaoming"
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      string(2) "Xu"
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      string(3) "PhD"
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      string(15) "Duke University"
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    ["value"]=>
    string(68) "No external grants or funds are being used to support this research."
    ["label"]=>
    string(68) "No external grants or funds are being used to support this research."
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      string(251) "NCT00575055 - A Phase 3, Multicenter, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Parallel-Group, Efficacy and Safety Trial of Bapineuzumab (AAB-001, ELN115727) In Patients With Mild to Moderate Alzheimer's Disease Who Are Apolipoprotein E4 Carriers"
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      string(256) "NCT00574132 - A Phase 3, Multicenter, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Parallel-Group, Efficacy and Safety Trial of Bapineuzumab (AAB-001, ELN115727) In Patients With Mild to Moderate Alzheimer's Disease Who Are Apolipoprotein E4 Non- Carriers"
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  ["project_date_type"]=>
  string(91) "Individual Participant-Level Data, which includes Full CSR and all supporting documentation"
  ["property_scientific_abstract"]=>
  string(1609) "Background: Alzheimer?s disease (AD) studies collect data from multiple longitudinal neuropsychological, functional, and behavioral assessments which consist of multiple components and items whose responses and scores are often summed up. The sum scores are analyzed using GEE and mixed model, which ignore differences between response patterns leading to the same sum-score and the sum scores are discrete. To address these issues, we have developed a suite of longitudinal latent trait models that have been successfully applied to Parkinson?s disease. We seek to develop similar applications to increase the efficiency of drug development clinical trials for AD.

Objective: To investigate which cognitive domains carry the most information on the earliest signs of cognitive decline, and which subject characteristics are associated with a faster decline.

Study design: To apply our novel longitudinal latent trait model to reanalyze the efficacy of experimental drugs in multiple AD clinical trial datasets. Compare results with those from traditional analysis methods.

Participants: We will analyze participant-level original data elements and variables.

Main outcome measures: item-level AD Assessment Scale-cognitive Subscale and activities of daily living (ADAS-Cog, and ADAS-ADL), mini-mental state examination (MMSE), Disability Assessment for Dementia (DAD), Clinical Dementia Rating Scale (CDR), Digit Symbol Substitution Test (DSST), severe impairment battery (SIB), and minimum dataset-activities of daily living (MDS-ADL).

Statistical Analysis: Latent trait models"
  ["project_brief_bg"]=>
  string(242) "We will identify the cognitive domains and items that are most sensitive to changes for subjects in different AD disease stages (e.g., prodromal, mild, and moderate). This will increase the probability of success in future AD clinical trials."
  ["project_specific_aims"]=>
  string(431) "AIM 1: Develop & validate the longitudinal latent trait models for Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale-cognitive Subscale (ADAS-Cog) and mini-mental state examination (MMSE).

Aim 2: Analyze multiple datasets of Alzheimer?s disease clinical trials to investigate the efficacy of experimental drugs and to identify the cognitive domains and items that are most sensitive to changes for subjects in different AD disease stages."
  ["project_study_design"]=>
  string(0) ""
  ["project_study_design_exp"]=>
  string(0) ""
  ["project_purposes"]=>
  array(3) {
    [0]=>
    array(2) {
      ["value"]=>
      string(114) "New research question to examine treatment effectiveness on secondary endpoints and/or within subgroup populations"
      ["label"]=>
      string(114) "New research question to examine treatment effectiveness on secondary endpoints and/or within subgroup populations"
    }
    [1]=>
    array(2) {
      ["value"]=>
      string(76) "Confirm or validate previously conducted research on treatment effectiveness"
      ["label"]=>
      string(76) "Confirm or validate previously conducted research on treatment effectiveness"
    }
    [2]=>
    array(2) {
      ["value"]=>
      string(37) "Develop or refine statistical methods"
      ["label"]=>
      string(37) "Develop or refine statistical methods"
    }
  }
  ["project_purposes_exp"]=>
  string(0) ""
  ["project_software_used"]=>
  array(2) {
    ["value"]=>
    string(7) "RStudio"
    ["label"]=>
    string(7) "RStudio"
  }
  ["project_software_used_exp"]=>
  string(0) ""
  ["project_research_methods"]=>
  string(227) "Selected participants must have baseline and longitudinal Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale-cognitive Subscale (ADAS-Cog) and mini-mental state examination (MMSE) measurements, patient characteristics, and date of diagnosis."
  ["project_main_outcome_measure"]=>
  string(387) "Main outcomes to be analyzed are item-level AD Assessment Scale-cognitive Subscale and activities of daily living (ADAS-Cog, and ADAS-ADL), mini-mental state examination (MMSE), Disability Assessment for Dementia (DAD), Clinical Dementia Rating Scale (CDR), Digit Symbol Substitution Test (DSST), severe impairment battery (SIB), and minimum dataset-activities of daily living (MDS-ADL)."
  ["project_main_predictor_indep"]=>
  string(176) "patient characteristics, disease stages, treatments, ApoE 4, baseline MMSE, use of acetylcholinesterase inhibitor or memantine, diseases at baseline, baseline CDR memory score."
  ["project_other_variables_interest"]=>
  string(87) "Demographics, labs, ApoE staus, vitals, time since symptom onset, time since diagnosis."
  ["project_stat_analysis_plan"]=>
  string(1336) "We will first conduct descriptive analyses. Then we will develop and validate longitudinal latent trait models for ADAS-Cog and MMSE to analyze multiple datasets from Alzheimer's disease clinical trials. Specifically, the latent trait model has two levels. The first level multidimensional latent trait (MLT) model

quantifies the relationship between a patient?s multiple latent disease severity scores and the observed multivariate outcomes, while the second level linear mixed model (LMM) connects the latent disease scores to observed covariates (e.g., treatment and disease duration), time, and subject-specific random effects. Because the number of latent disease scores is much smaller than the number of observed outcomes, the latent trait model can be used with a large number

of outcomes and is more computational scalable than multivariate marginal and random-effects models. We will consider a Bayesian-based framework and inferential tools that naturally address the complex and heterogeneous nature of the data. We will use noninformative prior distributions on all parameters and we will conduct extensive sensitivity analysis to prior distributions. The convergence of MCMC chains will be monitored using various tools including trace plots, autocorrelation plots, and Gelman-Rubin scale reduction statistics."
  ["project_timeline"]=>
  string(206) "Project start date: Sep 16, 2020.

Analysis completion date: May 31, 2021.

Manuscript drafted and submission date:  July 31, 2021.

Results reported back to the YODA project: August 31, 2021"
  ["project_dissemination_plan"]=>
  string(218) "We expect that the applications we develop will be useful for drug development.  We plan to publish the results in journals related to Alzheimer's disease (e.g., Journal of Alzhiemer's Disease, Alzheimer's & Dementia)."
  ["project_bibliography"]=>
  string(1915) "
Luo S, Lawson AB, He B, Elm J, Tilley BC. (2016). Bayesian multiple imputation for missing multivariate longitudinal data from a Parkinson’s disease clinical trial, Statistical Methods in Medical Research, 25(2), 821-37.

Wang J, Luo S, Li L. (2017). Dynamic prediction for multiple repeated measures and event time data: an application to Parkinson’s disease, Annals of Applied Statistics, 11(3), 1787-809.

Wang J, Luo S. (2017). Multidimensional latent trait linear mixed model: an application in clinical studies with multivariate longitudinal outcomes, Statistics in Medicine, 36(20), 3244-56.

Luo S, Ma J, Kieburtz KD. (2013). Robust Bayesian inference for multivariate longitudinal data using normal/independent distributions, Statistics in Medicine, 32(22), 3812-28.

Luo S. (2014). A Bayesian approach to joint analysis of multivariate longitudinal data and parametric accelerated failure time, Statistics in Medicine, 33(4), 580-94.

Luo S, Wang J. (2014). Bayesian hierarchical model for multiple repeated measures and survival Data: an application to Parkinson’s disease, Statistics in Medicine, 33(24), 4279-91.

Chen G, Luo S. (2016). Robust Bayesian hierarchical model using normal/independent distributions, Biometrical Journal, 58(4), 831-51.

He B, Luo S. (2016). Joint modeling of multivariate longitudinal measurements and survival data with applications to Parkinson’s disease, Statistical Methods in Medical Research, 25(4), 1346-58.

Chen G, Luo S. (2018). Bayesian hierarchical joint modeling using skew-normal/independent distributions, Communications in Statistics-Simulation and Computation, 47(5):1420-38.

Wang J, Luo S, (2019). Joint modeling of multiple repeated measures and survival data from multidimensional latent trait linear mixed model, Statistical Methods in Medical Research, 28(10-11), 3392-403.
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