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  string(52) "Heterogeneous Causal Effects: Drug Exposure & Safety"
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  string(659) "People with schizophrenia are at higher risk for death from metabolic disease including obesity, dyslipidemia, hypertension, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular disease (CVD). Understanding the risks of antipsychotic medications is critical as these risks exacerbate the health burden of people with schizophrenia and add to the long-term economic burden borne by public payers. Currently, little evidence exists on the impact of the duration of drug exposure on the likelihood and size of the metabolic effects of antipsychotics; and whether sex modifies the effects. This project will use  develop new statistical methods to address these gaps in knowledge."
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      string(7) "Spertus"
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      string(10) "Zelevinsky"
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      string(19) "OPTICS Trial Bundle"
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  string(91) "Individual Participant-Level Data, which includes Full CSR and all supporting documentation"
  ["property_scientific_abstract"]=>
  string(1619) "Background: People with schizophrenia are at higher risk for metabolic morbidity including obesity, dyslipidemia, hypertension, type-2 diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. However, little evidence exists on the impact of exposure duration on the likelihood and size of the metabolic effects of antipsychotics; and whether sex modifies the effects. New methods are needed to address these gaps.

Objective: We propose an approach to analyze the causal effect of cumulative exposure on a binary outcome for placebo controlled and active treatment trials.

Study Design: We will exploit methodological advances in two related research fields, causal inference and network meta-analysis, to develop an inferential approach to answer questions involving the relationship between duration of drug exposure and outcomes.

Participants: We will utilize participant-specific information obtained from the CATIE trial (participants randomized to olanzapine, quetiapine, and risperidone arms only) and the 14 Janssen trials involving patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder.

Main Outcome Measure: Our metabolic endpoint is weight gain, which will be operationalized as a binary outcome.

Statistical Analysis: We exploit the randomization mechanism as an instrument to adhere to causal inference assumptions. We estimate exposure-response curves for different exposure subsets and then combine the treatment-exposure arms via network meta-analysis using individual patient data to study safety endpoints. Our approach uses the placebo arms of no exposure as the outcome of zero exposure."
  ["project_brief_bg"]=>
  string(3186) "People with schizophrenia are at higher risk for metabolic morbidity including obesity, dyslipidemia, hypertension, type-2 diabetes, and cardiovascular disease (CVD). While a U.S. study conducted in the early 2000s found that patients with schizophrenia die approximately 25 years earlier than age- and sex-adjusted peers, an international review found that compared with the general population, this population has a two- to threefold increased risk of dying. Roughly 60% of the excess mortality is due to chronic medical conditions, with CVD accounting for over half of this excess risk. Treatment with antipsychotics, particularly some frequently used second-generation antipsychotics (SGAs), increases this risk. Current antipsychotic prescribing practices may pose a substantial long-term burden to patients and public payers. Little evidence exists on the impact of exposure duration on the likelihood and size of the metabolic effects of SGAs; and whether sex modifies the effects. Despite evidence from studies on the association between several SGAs and metabolic risk, little is known about the time-dependency of risk. The evidence on the dose-dependency is both limited and mixed. Men and women differ in how they experience disease and how they respond to treatment; yet little research on the influence of sex on efficacy and safety of antipsychotics exists. Studies conducting post-hoc analyses of RCT data aimed at describing response to SGAs among adults with schizophrenia found better outcomes for females with both early and chronic illness. A naturalistic study of individuals with early psychosis found an advantage for males. Even less evidence exists on the modifying effect of sex on the metabolic risk of antipsychotics. Baseline analyses of subjects with chronic schizophrenia enrolled in the CATIE study reported that females were associated with higher rates of metabolic syndrome. The CATIE trial found no evidence of a modifying effect of sex on the association between specific antipsychotics and metabolic syndrome, results from the Comparison of Atypicals for First Episode (CAFE) trial suggest the opposite, reporting that females treated with quetiapine had the lowest mean weight gain and smallest mean increase in BMI. Placebo-controlled and active-controlled clinical trials provide different and valuable information for dose-response causal inferences. Traditional intention-to-treat analyses provide valid inferences of average effectiveness of therapy. While a simple regression of outcome on observed cumulative exposure is likely not causal, using the randomization assignment variable as an instrument can help identify causal dose-response relationships. Clinical trials are not powered to detect the effects of duration of exposure on risks nor the effects of modifiers. The numbers enrolled in RCTs are typically insufficient to determine subgroup effects or to reliably estimate dose-response relationships. While individual trials may not have sufficient power, network meta-analysis provides a quantitative method of integrating data from all available comparisons. Such analyses can be used to borrow information about effectiveness."
  ["project_specific_aims"]=>
  string(868) "We will exploit methodological advances in two related research fields, causal inference and network meta-analysis, to develop an inferential approach to answer questions involving the relationship between duration of drug exposure and outcomes. Two specific aims guide our work:

Aim 1: To estimate the average causal effect of treatments on binary outcomes and ordered exposure in network meta-analysis of individual participant data. We will exploit the randomized assignment mechanisms, treatment arms, and placebo arms to estimate exposure-outcome curves in different exposure subsets.

Aim 2: To extend Aim 1 to estimate the heterogeneous (conditional) average treatment effects. We will modify methodology to include a binary-valued moderator to estimate the exposure-outcome curves within groups defined by a moderator and different exposure subsets."
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      ["label"]=>
      string(114) "New research question to examine treatment effectiveness on secondary endpoints and/or within subgroup populations"
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      ["label"]=>
      string(49) "New research question to examine treatment safety"
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    [2]=>
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      ["value"]=>
      string(36) "Participant-level data meta-analysis"
      ["label"]=>
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      ["label"]=>
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  string(670) "We will utilize participant-specific information obtained from the CATIE trial (participants randomized to the olanzapine, quetiapine, and risperidone arms only) and the 14 Janssen trials involving patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder (Table 1). We will obtain these study data from YODA, assess for completeness and comparability to reported study summaries, and organize into SAS as well as R datasets. We will focus on the trial-specific end-point of weight (rather than intermediate within-trial outcomes) and the cumulative duration of exposure at end-point for each trial participant.

[Attached research proposal document contains Table 1]"
  ["project_main_outcome_measure"]=>
  string(227) "Our metabolic endpoint is weight gain which will be operationalized as a binary outcome assuming a value of 1 if the subject experienced a weight increase of at least 7% of baseline weight at the trial endpoint and 0 otherwise."
  ["project_main_predictor_indep"]=>
  string(747) "Our main predictor is cumulative exposure to treatment. The set of all treatments,?, we consider include {paliperidone, olanzapine, quetiapine, risperidone, and placebo}. The data include j = 1,?,N_i participants in trial i who have been randomized to treatment R_ij=k_ij. For participant j in trial i on treatment k_ij, a treatment cumulative exposure level, e_ij^k, at trial termination (Table 1), and an observed outcome, Y_ij^k=1, if the outcome occurred and 0 otherwise, are available. Finally, we will use G+1 ordered (cumulative) exposure levels, {g = 0,1,2,?,G}. For instance, G = 5 in Table 1 based on our preliminary review of the published trial data.

[Attached research proposal document contains formatted mathematical notation]"
  ["project_other_variables_interest"]=>
  string(458) "We are interested in identifying the modifying effects of patient characteristics such as sex. We let x_ij generically denote a vector of participant-level baseline covariates. For Aim 2, we create a dummy variable denoting female, the treatment modifier, ?female?_ij  = 1 if participant j in trial i is female and 0 otherwise. Unless otherwise specified, ?female?_ij?x_ij.

[Attached research proposal document contains formatted mathematical notation]"
  ["project_stat_analysis_plan"]=>
  string(1643) "We will adopt two different approaches to estimation. Approach 1: we will employ a two-step procedure: in Step 1 we will estimate an instrumental variable-based (structural) marginal model within each trial. This step yields a contingency table that describes a dose-response curve for participants at their selected cumulative exposure level. The rows of the table denote cumulative drug exposure while the columns reflect outcomes for the specific cumulative exposure. In Step 2 using the estimated parameters characterizing the contingency table, we will conduct a network-meta analysis of the estimates. Because of the advantages exploiting the individual participant data (such as separating within-trial effects from across-trial effects), in Approach 2 we will simultaneously model the contingency table across all the trials, including study-specific relative random effects when modeling participant-specific information. Our methodology relies on the availability of individual participant data that permit separation of within-study effects from across-study effects, the randomized assignment indicators and placebo arms that permit identification of outcomes under zero exposure for treatment arms, and the existence of multiple different studies that permit assessment of evidence compatibility from direct and indirect comparisons. We will illustrate our new methodology to characterize the causal effect of drug duration on weight gain for (a) all patients, and (b) males and females separately. We describe the proposed data sources, our key assumptions, and our approach to the development of new the statistical methodology."
  ["project_timeline"]=>
  string(1359) "Year 1

?	OPTICS Data applications: YODA & NIMH (CATIE)

?	IRB application & approval

?	Develop R function that will include code to estimate dose-response curves in the presence of a binary outcome, G exposure levels, and K treatments for a single trial as well as options for models

?	Analyze the causal effect of cumulative exposure on a binary outcome for placebo-controlled and active-treatment trials

?	Estimate exposure-response curves for different exposure subsets

?	Combine the treatment-exposure curves via network meta-analysis using individual participant data to

      o	assess evidence compatibility from direct and indirect comparisons;

      o	separate within from between-trial effects; and

      o	bolster conclusions within subgroups

?	Manuscript 1: describe new methodology, assess operating performance characteristics of the estimation procedures, and illustrate the approach using the  data from the 15 clinical trials

Year 2

?	Apply for methodology R01 to NIMH or National Institute of General Medical Sciences using preliminary results

?	Develop methodology to handle time-dependent confounders and censoring using Marginal Structural Cox models

?	Develop methodology using flexible approaches to model cumulative exposure effects

?	Manuscript 2"
  ["project_dissemination_plan"]=>
  string(632) "We will develop an R function that will be made freely available (loaded onto the Comprehensive R Archive Network). The function will include code to estimate dose-response curves in the presence of a binary outcome, G exposure levels, and K treatments for a single trial. The code will include options for models (including a multivariate Dale model). During the one-year time-frame we anticipate completing one manuscript that describes the new methodology, assesses the operating performance characteristics of the estimation procedures, and illustrates the approach using the antipsychotic drug data from the 15 clinical trials."
  ["project_bibliography"]=>
  string(2073) "
1.	Newcomer JW, Hennekens CH. Severe mental illness and risk of cardiovascular disease. JAMA, 2007; 298(15): 1794-1796.

2.	Maj M. Physical health care in persons with severe mental illness: a public health and ethical priority. World Psychiatry: Official Journal of The World Psychiatric Association, 2009; 8(1): 1-2.

3.	Harris EC, Barraclough B. Excess mortality of mental disorder. The British Journal of Psychiatry: The Journal of Mental Science, 1998; 173: 11-53.

4.	Nielsen J, Skadhede S, Correll CU. Antipsychotics associated with the development of type 2 diabetes in antipsychotic-naive schizophrenia patients. Neuropsychopharmacology, 2010; 35(9): 1997-2004.

5.	Henderson DC, Cagliero E, Copeland PM, et al. Glucose metabolism in patients with schizophrenia treated with atypical antipsychotic agents: a frequently sampled intravenous glucose tolerance test and minimal model analysis. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry, 2005; 62(1): 19-28.

6.	Levine SZ, Rabinowitz J, Case M, Ascher-Svanum H. Treatment response trajectories and their antecedents in recent-onset psychosis: a 2-year prospective study. J. Clin. Psychopharmacol, 2010; 30(4): 446-449.

7.	Rabinowitz J, Werbeloff N, Caers I, et al. Determinants of antipsychotic response in schizophrenia: implications for practice and future clinical trials. J. Clin. Psychiatry, 2014; 75(4): e308-316.

8.	Levine SZ, Lurie I, Kohn R, Levav I. Trajectories of the course of schizophrenia: from progressive deterioration to amelioration over three decades. Schizophr. Res., 2011; 126(1-3): 184-191.

9.	Patel JK, Buckley PF, Woolson S, et al. Metabolic profiles of second-generation antipsychotics in early psychosis: findings from the CAFE study. Schizophr. Res., 2009; 111(1-3):9-16.

10.	Goetghebeur E, Molenberghs M. Causal inference in a placebo-controlled clinical trial with binary outcome and ordered compliance. JASA, 1996; 91(435):928-934.

11.	Lu G, Ades AE. Assessing evidence inconsistency in mixed treatment comparisons. JASA, 2006; 101(474):447-459.
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pi country
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pi affil
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products
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res
array(1) {
  [0]=>
  string(1) "1"
}