array(44) {
  ["project_title"]=>
  string(112) "Meta-analysis of efficacy of cholinesterase inhibitors on individual neuropsychiatric symptoms in AD, PD and DLB"
  ["project_narrative_summary"]=>
  string(692) "Cognitive deficits, such as problems with memory, planning and reasoning, and neuropscyhiatric disturbances, such as depression and anxiety, are both important features of these diseases. Cholinesterase inhibitors (ChEIs), such as donepezil and rivastigmine, form a type of drug that has a well established effect on the cognitive deficits. However, the beneficial effect on neuropsychiatric disturbances is much less clear [2,3]. A possible explanation for the inconsistent results of ChEIs on neuropsychiatric disturbances is that the definition of 'neuropsychiatric' is too broad, as it includes symptoms such as hallucinations and delusions, but also depression, anxiety and irritability."
  ["project_learn_source"]=>
  string(11) "data_holder"
  ["project_learn_source_exp"]=>
  string(0) ""
  ["project_key_personnel"]=>
  array(3) {
    [0]=>
    array(6) {
      ["p_pers_f_name"]=>
      string(4) "Iris"
      ["p_pers_l_name"]=>
      string(6) "Sommer"
      ["p_pers_degree"]=>
      string(7) "MD, PhD"
      ["p_pers_pr_affil"]=>
      string(4) "UMCG"
      ["p_pers_scop_id"]=>
      string(11) "56140431800"
      ["requires_data_access"]=>
      string(0) ""
    }
    [1]=>
    array(6) {
      ["p_pers_f_name"]=>
      string(4) "Teus"
      ["p_pers_l_name"]=>
      string(8) "Van Laar"
      ["p_pers_degree"]=>
      string(7) "MD, PhD"
      ["p_pers_pr_affil"]=>
      string(4) "UMCG"
      ["p_pers_scop_id"]=>
      string(10) "7003630275"
      ["requires_data_access"]=>
      string(0) ""
    }
    [2]=>
    array(6) {
      ["p_pers_f_name"]=>
      string(5) "Emile"
      ["p_pers_l_name"]=>
      string(11) "d'Angremont"
      ["p_pers_degree"]=>
      string(3) "MSc"
      ["p_pers_pr_affil"]=>
      string(4) "UMCG"
      ["p_pers_scop_id"]=>
      string(0) ""
      ["requires_data_access"]=>
      string(0) ""
    }
  }
  ["project_ext_grants"]=>
  array(2) {
    ["value"]=>
    string(2) "no"
    ["label"]=>
    string(68) "No external grants or funds are being used to support this research."
  }
  ["project_funding_source"]=>
  string(30) "ZonMw project number 636310010"
  ["project_assoc_trials"]=>
  array(3) {
    [0]=>
    object(WP_Post)#4684 (24) {
      ["ID"]=>
      int(1333)
      ["post_author"]=>
      string(4) "1363"
      ["post_date"]=>
      string(19) "2015-01-30 12:18:00"
      ["post_date_gmt"]=>
      string(19) "2015-01-30 12:18:00"
      ["post_content"]=>
      string(0) ""
      ["post_title"]=>
      string(92) "NCT00253227 - Galantamine in the Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease: Flexible Dose Range Trial"
      ["post_excerpt"]=>
      string(0) ""
      ["post_status"]=>
      string(7) "publish"
      ["comment_status"]=>
      string(4) "open"
      ["ping_status"]=>
      string(4) "open"
      ["post_password"]=>
      string(0) ""
      ["post_name"]=>
      string(88) "nct00253227-galantamine-in-the-treatment-of-alzheimers-disease-flexible-dose-range-trial"
      ["to_ping"]=>
      string(0) ""
      ["pinged"]=>
      string(0) ""
      ["post_modified"]=>
      string(19) "2023-02-06 13:17:19"
      ["post_modified_gmt"]=>
      string(19) "2023-02-06 13:17:19"
      ["post_content_filtered"]=>
      string(0) ""
      ["post_parent"]=>
      int(0)
      ["guid"]=>
      string(137) "https://dev-yoda.pantheonsite.io/clinical-trial/nct00253227-galantamine-in-the-treatment-of-alzheimers-disease-flexible-dose-range-trial/"
      ["menu_order"]=>
      int(0)
      ["post_type"]=>
      string(14) "clinical_trial"
      ["post_mime_type"]=>
      string(0) ""
      ["comment_count"]=>
      string(1) "0"
      ["filter"]=>
      string(3) "raw"
    }
    [1]=>
    object(WP_Post)#4683 (24) {
      ["ID"]=>
      int(1521)
      ["post_author"]=>
      string(4) "1363"
      ["post_date"]=>
      string(19) "2016-06-08 16:31:00"
      ["post_date_gmt"]=>
      string(19) "2016-06-08 16:31:00"
      ["post_content"]=>
      string(0) ""
      ["post_title"]=>
      string(155) "NCT00253214 - Placebo-Controlled Evaluation of Galantamine in the Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease: Safety and Efficacy of a Controlled-Release Formulation"
      ["post_excerpt"]=>
      string(0) ""
      ["post_status"]=>
      string(7) "publish"
      ["comment_status"]=>
      string(4) "open"
      ["ping_status"]=>
      string(4) "open"
      ["post_password"]=>
      string(0) ""
      ["post_name"]=>
      string(151) "nct00253214-placebo-controlled-evaluation-of-galantamine-in-the-treatment-of-alzheimers-disease-safety-and-efficacy-of-a-controlled-release-formulation"
      ["to_ping"]=>
      string(0) ""
      ["pinged"]=>
      string(0) ""
      ["post_modified"]=>
      string(19) "2023-02-06 13:22:10"
      ["post_modified_gmt"]=>
      string(19) "2023-02-06 13:22:10"
      ["post_content_filtered"]=>
      string(0) ""
      ["post_parent"]=>
      int(0)
      ["guid"]=>
      string(200) "https://dev-yoda.pantheonsite.io/clinical-trial/nct00253214-placebo-controlled-evaluation-of-galantamine-in-the-treatment-of-alzheimers-disease-safety-and-efficacy-of-a-controlled-release-formulation/"
      ["menu_order"]=>
      int(0)
      ["post_type"]=>
      string(14) "clinical_trial"
      ["post_mime_type"]=>
      string(0) ""
      ["comment_count"]=>
      string(1) "0"
      ["filter"]=>
      string(3) "raw"
    }
    [2]=>
    object(WP_Post)#4682 (24) {
      ["ID"]=>
      int(1657)
      ["post_author"]=>
      string(4) "1363"
      ["post_date"]=>
      string(19) "2018-01-10 16:02:00"
      ["post_date_gmt"]=>
      string(19) "2018-01-10 16:02:00"
      ["post_content"]=>
      string(0) ""
      ["post_title"]=>
      string(152) "Placebo-controlled evaluation of galantamine in the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease: Evaluation of safety and efficacy under a slow titration regimen"
      ["post_excerpt"]=>
      string(0) ""
      ["post_status"]=>
      string(7) "publish"
      ["comment_status"]=>
      string(4) "open"
      ["ping_status"]=>
      string(4) "open"
      ["post_password"]=>
      string(0) ""
      ["post_name"]=>
      string(148) "placebo-controlled-evaluation-of-galantamine-in-the-treatment-of-alzheimers-disease-evaluation-of-safety-and-efficacy-under-a-slow-titration-regimen"
      ["to_ping"]=>
      string(0) ""
      ["pinged"]=>
      string(0) ""
      ["post_modified"]=>
      string(19) "2023-02-06 13:25:08"
      ["post_modified_gmt"]=>
      string(19) "2023-02-06 13:25:08"
      ["post_content_filtered"]=>
      string(0) ""
      ["post_parent"]=>
      int(0)
      ["guid"]=>
      string(197) "https://dev-yoda.pantheonsite.io/clinical-trial/placebo-controlled-evaluation-of-galantamine-in-the-treatment-of-alzheimers-disease-evaluation-of-safety-and-efficacy-under-a-slow-titration-regimen/"
      ["menu_order"]=>
      int(0)
      ["post_type"]=>
      string(14) "clinical_trial"
      ["post_mime_type"]=>
      string(0) ""
      ["comment_count"]=>
      string(1) "0"
      ["filter"]=>
      string(3) "raw"
    }
  }
  ["project_date_type"]=>
  string(18) "full_crs_supp_docs"
  ["property_scientific_abstract"]=>
  string(1622) "Background: Recent meta-analyses have confirmed the efficacy of cholinesterase inhibitors (ChEIs) on cognitive function in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Lewy body disorders (LBD) [1,2]. The results of these meta-analyses also suggest a beneficial effect on behavioral disturbances, but this effect is much less pronounced. A possible explanation for the inconsistent results of ChEIs on behavioral disturbances is the multidimensionality of the behavioral domain, which includes hallucinations, depression and aberrant motor behavior, among others. It remains unclear which subdomains respond well to ChEI treatment and which do not.
Objective: To assess which behavioral subdomains are positively affected by ChEI treatment in Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease and dementia with Lewy bodies.
Study design: Systematic review and meta-analysis.
Participants: Randomized, placebo-controlled trials assessing efficacy of rivastigmine, donepezil or galantamine in Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease or dementia with Lewy bodies with a neuropsychiatric or behavioral outcome measure.
Main Outcome Measure: Individual items of outcome measures assessing behavioral or neuropsychiatric symptoms.
Statistical Analysis: We will use Hedges?s g to quantify effect sizes (ES) for the mean difference between change scores (end of treatment minus baseline) of the active treatment group vs. placebo group. We will apply a random effects model to calculate a mean weighted ES for each individual neuropsychiatric subdomain. Also, meta-regression will be performed with several covariates." ["project_brief_bg"]=> string(2193) "Recent meta-analyses have confirmed the efficacy of cholinesterase inhibitors (ChEIs) on cognitive function in Alzheimer's disease and Lewy body disorders [2,3]. The results of these meta-analyses also suggest a beneficial effect on neuropsychiatric disturbances, but this effect is much less pronounced. A possible explanation for the inconsistent results of ChEIs on neuropsychiatric disturbances is the multidimensionality of this domain, which
includes hallucinations, depression and aberrant motor behavior, among others. Several case series or open-label trials have reported marked improvement of specific neuropsychiatric subdomains, such as delusions and hallucinations [4-8]. Very few RCTs perform a secondary analysis on the individual neuropsychiatric inventory (NPI) items and they are usually not powered for this analysis. Thus, it remains unclear which subdomains respond well to ChEI treatment and which do not.
We include randomized, placebo-controlled trials assessing efficacy of rivastigmine, donepezil or galantamine in AD, PD or DLB with a neuropsychiatric outcome measure. We will include all patients in the ChEI and placebo treatment arm to calculate the between group differences of mean changes after treatment, based on an intention-to-treat analysis. We will impute missing values using last observation carried forward (LOCF).
It can be expected that there are some differences in response between the different diseases. However, especially for PD and DLB, a limited number of RCTs have been performed. In our analysis, we will look both at the response in each disease separately and with the diseases pooled together. If the Q-value or I-statistic shows a large heterogeneity, we will perform a sensitivity analysis with treatment duration as one of the confounding factors. We will divide the studies into two groups based on the median treatment duration of all studies, similar to the meta-analysis of Matsunaga et al. [3].
A meta-analysis of the requested data, together with data obtained elsewhere, enables us to draw conclusions on the subdomains of neuropsychiatric outcome measures, including hallucinations and delusions." ["project_specific_aims"]=> string(311) "We want to conduct a meta-analysis on the efficacy of ChEIs on all individual items of neuropsychiatric/behavioral outcome measures. We hypothesize that ChEIs are effective for a specific subset of the behavioral domain, specifically hallucinations and delusions, and less to others, such as sleep and appetite." ["project_study_design"]=> string(0) "" ["project_study_design_exp"]=> string(0) "" ["project_purposes"]=> array(0) { } ["project_purposes_exp"]=> string(0) "" ["project_software_used"]=> array(2) { ["value"]=> string(86) "not_analyzing_participant_level_data__plan_to_use_another_secure_data_sharing_platform" ["label"]=> string(92) "I am not analyzing participant-level data / plan to use another secure data sharing platform" } ["project_software_used_exp"]=> string(68) "We will use Comprehensive Meta-Analysis (CMA) in the Vivli platform." ["project_research_methods"]=> string(535) "Randomized, placebo-controlled trials assessing efficacy of rivastigmine, donepezil or galantamine in Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease or dementia with Lewy bodies with a neuropsychiatric or behavioral outcome measure.
Other data sources:
- Vivli (M10-984 (AbbVie) and NCT00630851 (Pfizer))
- ClinicalStudyDataRequest (GSK-AVA105640, NOVARTIS-CENA713D1301, NOVARTIS-CENA713B2311, EISAI-E2020-J081-231, EISAI-E2020-A001-315 and EISAI-E2020-A001-311)
- Individual authors (NCT00211588 and NCT01519271)" ["project_main_outcome_measure"]=> string(448) "The main outcomes measures are the differences between mean changes (+SD) for all subdomains of behavioral outcome measures. For the most commonly used measure, the neuropsychiatric inventory (NPI), these are: delusions, hallucinations, agitation, depression, anxiety, elation, apathy, disinhibition, irritability, aberrant motor behavior, sleep and apatite. Assuming that these outcomes are not included in the CRF's, we require the full datasets." ["project_main_predictor_indep"]=> string(97) "Treatment with donepezil, galantamine or rivastigmine, in any form, versus treatment with placebo" ["project_other_variables_interest"]=> string(545) "We will also look at/correct for:
? baseline behavioral scores (mean NPI + SD)
? baseline cognition scores (mean MMSE (Mini-mental state examination) + SD)
? age (mean + SD)
? sex (% male)
? diagnosis (Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, dementia with Lewy bodies)
? type of ChEI (rivastigmine, donepezil, galantamine)
? treatment duration
? time since diagnosis
If any of these variables are not presented in the data, the study will be excluded from the specific subanalysis" ["project_stat_analysis_plan"]=> string(1457) "The criteria used for selecting a study were: randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials assessing efficacy of rivastigmine, donepezil or galantamine in AD, PD or DLB with a neuropsychiatric outcome measure.
Effect sizes are computed using Comprehensive Meta-Analysis Version (CMA) 2.0, Biostat (Borenstein, M., Hedges, L. V., Higgins, J. P. T. & Rothstein, H. R. Introduction to Meta-Analysis. Wiley, Chichester, 2009), or R if it is not achieved to run CMA on the research environment. For every individual study, Hedges? g will be calculated for each neuropsychiatric subdomain. To obtain this effect size, the mean difference between change scores (end of treatment minus baseline and SD) of the active treatment group vs. placebo group is used for each individual neuropsychiatric subdomain, or pre- and post-means (+?SDs) per treatment arm. To avoid overestimation of the true effect sizes caused by the pre-post treatment correlation, change scores are preferred. When these values are not reported, we use exact F-, t-, or p-values. All effect sizes are calculated twice independently from the original articles to check for errors. Studies will be combined to calculate a mean weighted ES (Hedges? g) for the effect on individual neuropsychiatric subdomains, using a random effects model. Studies with multiple treatment groups (e.g. different treatment doses) and one placebo group were entered as individual study samples. ES of p" ["project_timeline"]=> string(244) "September 1, 2020: Data collection completed.
November 1, 2020: Statistical analysis completed.
Decmber 1, 2020: Manuscript draft completed.
December 31, 2020: First submission and results reported back to the YODA Project." ["project_dissemination_plan"]=> string(206) "The anticipated product is a publication of the results in a Q1 peer-reviewed journal, for example Journal of neurology, neurosurgery, and psychiatry or The international journal of neuropsychopharmacology." ["project_bibliography"]=> string(1120) "

[1] Li, D. D., Zhang, Y. H., Zhang, W., & Zhao, P. (2019). Meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials on the efficacy and safety of donepezil, galantamine, rivastigmine, and memantine for the treatment of Alzheimer?s disease. Frontiers in Neuroscience, 13(MAY). https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2019.00472
[2] Matsunaga, S., Kishi, T., Yasue, I., & Iwata, N. (2016). Cholinesterase inhibitors for Lewy body disorders: A meta-analysis. International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology, 19(2), 1?15. https://doi.org/10.1093/ijnp/pyv086
[3] Goldman, J. G., & Holden, S. (2014). Treatment of psychosis and dementia in parkinson?s disease topical collection on movement disorders. Current Treatment Options in Neurology, 16(3). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11940-013-0281-2
[4] Thomas, A. J., Burn, D. J., Rowan, E. N., Littlewood, E., Newby, J., Cousins, D., ? McKeith, I. G. (2005). A comparison of the efficacy of donepezil in parkinson?s disease with dementia and dementia with lewy bodies. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 20(10), 938?944. https://doi.org/10.1002/gps.1381

" ["project_suppl_material"]=> bool(false) ["project_coi"]=> array(3) { [0]=> array(1) { ["file_coi"]=> array(21) { ["ID"]=> int(9944) ["id"]=> int(9944) ["title"]=> string(58) "yoda_project_coi_form_for_data_requestors_2019_eda_updated" ["filename"]=> string(62) "yoda_project_coi_form_for_data_requestors_2019_eda_updated.pdf" ["filesize"]=> int(245179) ["url"]=> string(111) "https://yoda.yale.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/yoda_project_coi_form_for_data_requestors_2019_eda_updated.pdf" ["link"]=> string(104) "https://yoda.yale.edu/data-request/2020-4324/yoda_project_coi_form_for_data_requestors_2019_eda_updated/" ["alt"]=> string(0) "" ["author"]=> string(4) "1363" ["description"]=> string(0) "" ["caption"]=> string(0) "" ["name"]=> string(58) "yoda_project_coi_form_for_data_requestors_2019_eda_updated" ["status"]=> string(7) "inherit" ["uploaded_to"]=> int(4976) ["date"]=> string(19) "2023-07-31 16:04:28" ["modified"]=> string(19) "2023-08-01 01:04:07" ["menu_order"]=> int(0) ["mime_type"]=> string(15) "application/pdf" ["type"]=> string(11) "application" ["subtype"]=> string(3) "pdf" ["icon"]=> string(62) "https://yoda.yale.edu/wp/wp-includes/images/media/document.png" } } [1]=> array(1) { ["file_coi"]=> array(21) { ["ID"]=> int(9957) ["id"]=> int(9957) ["title"]=> string(58) "yoda_project_coi_form_for_data_requestors_2019_ies_updated" ["filename"]=> string(62) "yoda_project_coi_form_for_data_requestors_2019_ies_updated.pdf" ["filesize"]=> int(257097) ["url"]=> string(111) "https://yoda.yale.edu/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/yoda_project_coi_form_for_data_requestors_2019_ies_updated.pdf" ["link"]=> string(104) "https://yoda.yale.edu/data-request/2020-4324/yoda_project_coi_form_for_data_requestors_2019_ies_updated/" ["alt"]=> string(0) "" ["author"]=> string(4) "1363" ["description"]=> string(0) "" ["caption"]=> string(0) "" ["name"]=> string(58) "yoda_project_coi_form_for_data_requestors_2019_ies_updated" ["status"]=> string(7) "inherit" ["uploaded_to"]=> int(4976) ["date"]=> string(19) "2023-07-31 16:05:01" ["modified"]=> string(19) "2023-08-01 01:04:07" ["menu_order"]=> int(0) ["mime_type"]=> string(15) "application/pdf" ["type"]=> string(11) "application" ["subtype"]=> string(3) "pdf" ["icon"]=> string(62) "https://yoda.yale.edu/wp/wp-includes/images/media/document.png" } } [2]=> array(1) { ["file_coi"]=> array(21) { ["ID"]=> int(10009) ["id"]=> int(10009) ["title"]=> string(58) "yoda_project_coi_form_for_data_requestors_2019_tvl_updated" ["filename"]=> string(62) "yoda_project_coi_form_for_data_requestors_2019_tvl_updated.pdf" ["filesize"]=> int(1206447) ["url"]=> string(111) "https://yoda.yale.edu/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/yoda_project_coi_form_for_data_requestors_2019_tvl_updated.pdf" ["link"]=> string(104) "https://yoda.yale.edu/data-request/2020-4324/yoda_project_coi_form_for_data_requestors_2019_tvl_updated/" ["alt"]=> string(0) "" ["author"]=> string(4) "1363" ["description"]=> string(0) "" ["caption"]=> string(0) "" ["name"]=> string(58) "yoda_project_coi_form_for_data_requestors_2019_tvl_updated" ["status"]=> string(7) "inherit" ["uploaded_to"]=> int(4976) ["date"]=> string(19) "2023-07-31 16:07:30" ["modified"]=> string(19) "2023-08-01 01:04:07" ["menu_order"]=> int(0) ["mime_type"]=> string(15) "application/pdf" ["type"]=> string(11) "application" ["subtype"]=> string(3) "pdf" ["icon"]=> string(62) "https://yoda.yale.edu/wp/wp-includes/images/media/document.png" } } } ["data_use_agreement_training"]=> bool(true) ["certification"]=> bool(true) ["project_send_email_updates"]=> bool(true) ["project_status"]=> string(9) "published" ["project_publ_available"]=> bool(true) ["project_year_access"]=> string(4) "2020" ["project_rep_publ"]=> array(1) { [0]=> array(1) { ["publication_link"]=> array(3) { ["title"]=> string(17) "JAMA Neurol. 2023" ["url"]=> string(71) "https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamaneurology/article-abstract/2806600" ["target"]=> string(6) "_blank" } } } ["project_assoc_data"]=> array(1) { [0]=> string(8) "data_res" } ["project_due_dil_assessment"]=> bool(false) ["project_title_link"]=> array(21) { ["ID"]=> int(10876) ["id"]=> int(10876) ["title"]=> string(42) "yoda_project_protocol_2020-4324_-_21-01-12" ["filename"]=> string(46) "yoda_project_protocol_2020-4324_-_21-01-12.pdf" ["filesize"]=> int(27393) ["url"]=> string(95) "https://yoda.yale.edu/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/yoda_project_protocol_2020-4324_-_21-01-12.pdf" ["link"]=> string(88) "https://yoda.yale.edu/data-request/2020-4324/yoda_project_protocol_2020-4324_-_21-01-12/" ["alt"]=> string(0) "" ["author"]=> string(4) "1363" ["description"]=> string(0) "" ["caption"]=> string(0) "" ["name"]=> string(42) "yoda_project_protocol_2020-4324_-_21-01-12" ["status"]=> string(7) "inherit" ["uploaded_to"]=> int(4976) ["date"]=> string(19) "2023-08-09 17:15:40" ["modified"]=> string(19) "2023-08-09 19:17:26" ["menu_order"]=> int(0) ["mime_type"]=> string(15) "application/pdf" ["type"]=> string(11) "application" ["subtype"]=> string(3) "pdf" ["icon"]=> string(62) "https://yoda.yale.edu/wp/wp-includes/images/media/document.png" } ["project_review_link"]=> array(21) { ["ID"]=> int(10753) ["id"]=> int(10753) ["title"]=> string(36) "yoda_project_review_-_2020-4324_site" ["filename"]=> string(40) "yoda_project_review_-_2020-4324_site.pdf" ["filesize"]=> int(1201956) ["url"]=> string(89) "https://yoda.yale.edu/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/yoda_project_review_-_2020-4324_site.pdf" ["link"]=> string(82) "https://yoda.yale.edu/data-request/2020-4324/yoda_project_review_-_2020-4324_site/" ["alt"]=> string(0) "" ["author"]=> string(4) "1363" ["description"]=> string(0) "" ["caption"]=> string(0) "" ["name"]=> string(36) "yoda_project_review_-_2020-4324_site" ["status"]=> string(7) "inherit" ["uploaded_to"]=> int(4976) ["date"]=> string(19) "2023-08-09 17:10:34" ["modified"]=> string(19) "2023-08-09 19:17:26" ["menu_order"]=> int(0) ["mime_type"]=> string(15) "application/pdf" ["type"]=> string(11) "application" ["subtype"]=> string(3) "pdf" ["icon"]=> string(62) "https://yoda.yale.edu/wp/wp-includes/images/media/document.png" } ["project_highlight_button"]=> array(3) { ["title"]=> string(22) "Publication Available!" ["url"]=> string(71) "https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamaneurology/article-abstract/2806600" ["target"]=> string(6) "_blank" } ["request_data_partner"]=> string(15) "johnson-johnson" ["search_order"]=> string(5) "-9810" ["request_overridden_res"]=> string(1) "1" ["principal_investigator"]=> array(7) { ["first_name"]=> string(0) "" ["last_name"]=> string(0) "" ["degree"]=> string(0) "" ["primary_affiliation"]=> string(0) "" ["email"]=> string(0) "" ["state_or_province"]=> string(0) "" ["country"]=> string(0) "" } } data partner
array(1) { [0]=> string(15) "johnson-johnson" }

pi country
array(1) { [0]=> string(15) "The Netherlands" }

pi affil
array(1) { [0]=> string(8) "Academia" }

products
array(1) { [0]=> string(8) "razadyne" }

num of trials
array(1) { [0]=> string(1) "3" }

res
array(1) { [0]=> string(1) "1" }

2020-4324

Research Proposal

Project Title: Meta-analysis of efficacy of cholinesterase inhibitors on individual neuropsychiatric symptoms in AD, PD and DLB

Scientific Abstract: Background: Recent meta-analyses have confirmed the efficacy of cholinesterase inhibitors (ChEIs) on cognitive function in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Lewy body disorders (LBD) [1,2]. The results of these meta-analyses also suggest a beneficial effect on behavioral disturbances, but this effect is much less pronounced. A possible explanation for the inconsistent results of ChEIs on behavioral disturbances is the multidimensionality of the behavioral domain, which includes hallucinations, depression and aberrant motor behavior, among others. It remains unclear which subdomains respond well to ChEI treatment and which do not.
Objective: To assess which behavioral subdomains are positively affected by ChEI treatment in Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease and dementia with Lewy bodies.
Study design: Systematic review and meta-analysis.
Participants: Randomized, placebo-controlled trials assessing efficacy of rivastigmine, donepezil or galantamine in Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease or dementia with Lewy bodies with a neuropsychiatric or behavioral outcome measure.
Main Outcome Measure: Individual items of outcome measures assessing behavioral or neuropsychiatric symptoms.
Statistical Analysis: We will use Hedges?s g to quantify effect sizes (ES) for the mean difference between change scores (end of treatment minus baseline) of the active treatment group vs. placebo group. We will apply a random effects model to calculate a mean weighted ES for each individual neuropsychiatric subdomain. Also, meta-regression will be performed with several covariates.

Brief Project Background and Statement of Project Significance: Recent meta-analyses have confirmed the efficacy of cholinesterase inhibitors (ChEIs) on cognitive function in Alzheimer's disease and Lewy body disorders [2,3]. The results of these meta-analyses also suggest a beneficial effect on neuropsychiatric disturbances, but this effect is much less pronounced. A possible explanation for the inconsistent results of ChEIs on neuropsychiatric disturbances is the multidimensionality of this domain, which
includes hallucinations, depression and aberrant motor behavior, among others. Several case series or open-label trials have reported marked improvement of specific neuropsychiatric subdomains, such as delusions and hallucinations [4-8]. Very few RCTs perform a secondary analysis on the individual neuropsychiatric inventory (NPI) items and they are usually not powered for this analysis. Thus, it remains unclear which subdomains respond well to ChEI treatment and which do not.
We include randomized, placebo-controlled trials assessing efficacy of rivastigmine, donepezil or galantamine in AD, PD or DLB with a neuropsychiatric outcome measure. We will include all patients in the ChEI and placebo treatment arm to calculate the between group differences of mean changes after treatment, based on an intention-to-treat analysis. We will impute missing values using last observation carried forward (LOCF).
It can be expected that there are some differences in response between the different diseases. However, especially for PD and DLB, a limited number of RCTs have been performed. In our analysis, we will look both at the response in each disease separately and with the diseases pooled together. If the Q-value or I-statistic shows a large heterogeneity, we will perform a sensitivity analysis with treatment duration as one of the confounding factors. We will divide the studies into two groups based on the median treatment duration of all studies, similar to the meta-analysis of Matsunaga et al. [3].
A meta-analysis of the requested data, together with data obtained elsewhere, enables us to draw conclusions on the subdomains of neuropsychiatric outcome measures, including hallucinations and delusions.

Specific Aims of the Project: We want to conduct a meta-analysis on the efficacy of ChEIs on all individual items of neuropsychiatric/behavioral outcome measures. We hypothesize that ChEIs are effective for a specific subset of the behavioral domain, specifically hallucinations and delusions, and less to others, such as sleep and appetite.

Study Design:

What is the purpose of the analysis being proposed? Please select all that apply.:

Software Used: I am not analyzing participant-level data / plan to use another secure data sharing platform

Data Source and Inclusion/Exclusion Criteria to be used to define the patient sample for your study: Randomized, placebo-controlled trials assessing efficacy of rivastigmine, donepezil or galantamine in Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease or dementia with Lewy bodies with a neuropsychiatric or behavioral outcome measure.
Other data sources:
- Vivli (M10-984 (AbbVie) and NCT00630851 (Pfizer))
- ClinicalStudyDataRequest (GSK-AVA105640, NOVARTIS-CENA713D1301, NOVARTIS-CENA713B2311, EISAI-E2020-J081-231, EISAI-E2020-A001-315 and EISAI-E2020-A001-311)
- Individual authors (NCT00211588 and NCT01519271)

Primary and Secondary Outcome Measure(s) and how they will be categorized/defined for your study: The main outcomes measures are the differences between mean changes (+SD) for all subdomains of behavioral outcome measures. For the most commonly used measure, the neuropsychiatric inventory (NPI), these are: delusions, hallucinations, agitation, depression, anxiety, elation, apathy, disinhibition, irritability, aberrant motor behavior, sleep and apatite. Assuming that these outcomes are not included in the CRF's, we require the full datasets.

Main Predictor/Independent Variable and how it will be categorized/defined for your study: Treatment with donepezil, galantamine or rivastigmine, in any form, versus treatment with placebo

Other Variables of Interest that will be used in your analysis and how they will be categorized/defined for your study: We will also look at/correct for:
? baseline behavioral scores (mean NPI + SD)
? baseline cognition scores (mean MMSE (Mini-mental state examination) + SD)
? age (mean + SD)
? sex (% male)
? diagnosis (Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, dementia with Lewy bodies)
? type of ChEI (rivastigmine, donepezil, galantamine)
? treatment duration
? time since diagnosis
If any of these variables are not presented in the data, the study will be excluded from the specific subanalysis

Statistical Analysis Plan: The criteria used for selecting a study were: randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials assessing efficacy of rivastigmine, donepezil or galantamine in AD, PD or DLB with a neuropsychiatric outcome measure.
Effect sizes are computed using Comprehensive Meta-Analysis Version (CMA) 2.0, Biostat (Borenstein, M., Hedges, L. V., Higgins, J. P. T. & Rothstein, H. R. Introduction to Meta-Analysis. Wiley, Chichester, 2009), or R if it is not achieved to run CMA on the research environment. For every individual study, Hedges? g will be calculated for each neuropsychiatric subdomain. To obtain this effect size, the mean difference between change scores (end of treatment minus baseline and SD) of the active treatment group vs. placebo group is used for each individual neuropsychiatric subdomain, or pre- and post-means (+?SDs) per treatment arm. To avoid overestimation of the true effect sizes caused by the pre-post treatment correlation, change scores are preferred. When these values are not reported, we use exact F-, t-, or p-values. All effect sizes are calculated twice independently from the original articles to check for errors. Studies will be combined to calculate a mean weighted ES (Hedges? g) for the effect on individual neuropsychiatric subdomains, using a random effects model. Studies with multiple treatment groups (e.g. different treatment doses) and one placebo group were entered as individual study samples. ES of p

Narrative Summary: Cognitive deficits, such as problems with memory, planning and reasoning, and neuropscyhiatric disturbances, such as depression and anxiety, are both important features of these diseases. Cholinesterase inhibitors (ChEIs), such as donepezil and rivastigmine, form a type of drug that has a well established effect on the cognitive deficits. However, the beneficial effect on neuropsychiatric disturbances is much less clear [2,3]. A possible explanation for the inconsistent results of ChEIs on neuropsychiatric disturbances is that the definition of 'neuropsychiatric' is too broad, as it includes symptoms such as hallucinations and delusions, but also depression, anxiety and irritability.

Project Timeline: September 1, 2020: Data collection completed.
November 1, 2020: Statistical analysis completed.
Decmber 1, 2020: Manuscript draft completed.
December 31, 2020: First submission and results reported back to the YODA Project.

Dissemination Plan: The anticipated product is a publication of the results in a Q1 peer-reviewed journal, for example Journal of neurology, neurosurgery, and psychiatry or The international journal of neuropsychopharmacology.

Bibliography:

[1] Li, D. D., Zhang, Y. H., Zhang, W., & Zhao, P. (2019). Meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials on the efficacy and safety of donepezil, galantamine, rivastigmine, and memantine for the treatment of Alzheimer?s disease. Frontiers in Neuroscience, 13(MAY). https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2019.00472
[2] Matsunaga, S., Kishi, T., Yasue, I., & Iwata, N. (2016). Cholinesterase inhibitors for Lewy body disorders: A meta-analysis. International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology, 19(2), 1?15. https://doi.org/10.1093/ijnp/pyv086
[3] Goldman, J. G., & Holden, S. (2014). Treatment of psychosis and dementia in parkinson?s disease topical collection on movement disorders. Current Treatment Options in Neurology, 16(3). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11940-013-0281-2
[4] Thomas, A. J., Burn, D. J., Rowan, E. N., Littlewood, E., Newby, J., Cousins, D., ? McKeith, I. G. (2005). A comparison of the efficacy of donepezil in parkinson?s disease with dementia and dementia with lewy bodies. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 20(10), 938?944. https://doi.org/10.1002/gps.1381