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  string(34) "Time to Event Designs for Epilepsy"
  ["project_narrative_summary"]=>
  string(573) "We propose to evaluate a modern statistical design for clinical trials of epilepsy called Time to Event designs. In a traditionally designed trial, participants go through baseline, titration, and maintenance phases with pre-specified static durations. In a Time to Event trial, these phases can be shortened if an individual participant meets certain safety or effectiveness criteria. However, Time to Event designs have not been broadly adopted for prospective trials. In this work, we will use data from past trials to address key concerns with the Time to Event design."
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      string(10) "Katherine "
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      string(9) "McFarlane"
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      string(2) "MS"
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      string(24) "University of Pittsburgh"
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    ["label"]=>
    string(68) "No external grants or funds are being used to support this research."
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  ["project_funding_source"]=>
  string(104) "American Academy of Neurology, American Brain Foundation, American Epilepsy Society, Epilepsy Foundation"
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      string(195) "NCT00231556 - A Randomized, Double-Blind, Parallel-Group, Monotherapy Study to Compare the Safety and Efficacy of Two Doses of Topiramate in the Treatment of Newly Diagnosed or Recurrent Epilepsy"
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  ["property_scientific_abstract"]=>
  string(2727) "Background: The design of randomized controlled trials of adjunct treatments for epilepsy have not changed in decades, but there are increasing challenges with participant recruitment and trial conduct. Time to Event designs aim to improve participant recruitment and trial conduct by reducing exposure to ineffective treatments, while also providing sufficient data to establish efficacy and safety. Re-analyses of prior trials have demonstrated that Time to Event designs may reproduce the primary efficacy conclusions, especially the design of Time to Prerandomization Seizure Count (T-PSC).

Objective: We propose to evaluate the Time to Event design on as many trials of treatments for epilepsy as possible to facilitate use on a prospective trial. The aims of this project seek to address key concerns regarding this design.

Study Design: This study re-evaluates prior trials with the Time to Event design with the goal of replication of the primary efficacy and safety conclusions as compared to the full-length trials. Additionally, we perform analyses regarding the sensitivity of Time to Event designs to factors including low baseline seizure count, titration periods, predictability of long-term response, and others to be identified.

Participants: Patients with uncontrolled epileptic seizures. 

Primary & Secondary Outcome Measure(s): The primary outcome efficacy and safety measures match the primary outcome measures of the original included trials, except that they are calculated using data from before the Time to Event endpoint. This includes differences in the median percent seizure frequency reduction, 50% responder rate, and frequency of adverse events on active treatment compared to placebo. Secondary outcome measures include the reduction in time (and cost) when using the Time to Event endpoint, as compared to the full-length trial; as well as the predictability of long-term seizure efficacy from Time to Event information.

Statistical Analysis: The statistical analysis of each individual trial matches the original statistical analysis, except for only using seizure diary and adverse event data that occurred before the Time to Event endpoint. This will be supplemented by survival statistics applied to the Time to Event data. For illustration and to demonstrate the relative effect size (and thereby statistical power) of this approach, we will use mixed-effects generalized linear models to perform meta-analyses across trials. We will use rolling averages (e.g., loess techniques) and mixed-effects polynomial generalized linear models to illustrate patterns in the outcomes with respect to specific parameters (e.g., prerandomization seizure count)."
  ["project_brief_bg"]=>
  string(2121) "Epilepsy is the third most common cause of neurological disability and death globally, but a third of patients are failed by antiseizure medications (ASMs). Parallel assignment Randomized placebo-Control Trials (RCTs) for epilepsy have been the mainstay of trials for regulatory approval of new ASMs for decades. In traditionally designed RCTs, patients with high seizure burden may remain on placebo or ineffective treatment for at least 5 months, even if seizures are frequent. Participants randomized to placebo had a 5.8-fold increased risk of death, therefore it is critical to reduce participants? exposure to ineffective treatments. These risks of participating in RCTs also contributes to trial recruitment issues.

The fundamental clinical research question this work addresses is if a Time-to-Event design can shorten participants? exposure to placebo or ineffective treatment while also achieving the dual goals of evaluating treatment efficacy and safety. In a Time-to-Event design, participants receive treatment until they reach specific efficacy or safety endpoints. This proposal is important and original because it directly addresses concerns that have been barriers to adoption of the most promising Time-to-Event design, known as time to pre-randomization seizure count (T-PSC). In T-PSC, participants receive treatment until their post-randomization seizure count exceeds the average monthly PSC experienced during baseline. The expected societal impact is to have sufficient ad hoc evidence to promote T-PSC as a safe and effective primary efficacy endpoint in prospective RCTs to evaluate this design. The expected impact of this research on patient care and human health is to reduce trial participants risk of death, trial cost, and improve participant recruitment. The rationale of this project is that by making RCTs safer, cheaper, and more efficient, we enable further development of novel treatments for epilepsy to reduce the impact of seizures and adverse effects of treatment on quality of life and mortality through all causes including Sudden Unexpected Death in Epilepsy (SUDEP)."
  ["project_specific_aims"]=>
  string(1207) "This project aims to evaluate Time to Event designs for clinical trials of patients with epilepsy who have continued seizures. Based on prior re-analyses of clinical trials, the time to pre-randomization seizure count (T-PSC) design is promising, but there are concerns that, if resolved, would increase utility.

Aim 1: We hypothesize that observation until T-PSC reproduces the group- and individual-level conclusions regarding efficacy with effect size, Cohen's Kappa, and Spearman's Rho greater than 80%.

Aim 2: T-PSC determines efficacy based on fewer seizures, but this may limit statistical power for patients with low baseline seizure frequency.

Aim 3: We hypothesize that the inclusion of titration/dose-finding phases underestimates efficacy with Time to Event designs.

Aim 4: We hypothesize that adverse events observed during the blinded phase of trials primarily occur before T-PSC.

Aim 5: We hypothesize that the seizure response seen before Time to Event endpoints is predictive of long-term seizure response in an open-label extension.

Aim 6: We hypothesize that there are other Time to Event designs that may address limitations in the T-PSC design."
  ["project_study_design"]=>
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  ["project_purposes"]=>
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      string(56) "new_research_question_to_examine_treatment_effectiveness"
      ["label"]=>
      string(114) "New research question to examine treatment effectiveness on secondary endpoints and/or within subgroup populations"
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      string(76) "confirm_or_validate previously_conducted_research_on_treatment_effectiveness"
      ["label"]=>
      string(76) "Confirm or validate previously conducted research on treatment effectiveness"
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      ["value"]=>
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      ["label"]=>
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      ["label"]=>
      string(69) "Meta-analysis using data from the YODA Project and other data sources"
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      string(34) "research_on_clinical_trial_methods"
      ["label"]=>
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  ["project_research_methods"]=>
  string(298) "The goal of the research is to evaluate the Time to Event methodology in patients with epilepsy, as compared to the full-length trial. For each individual trial, we will match the inclusion and exclusion criteria used within the original publication evaluating the efficacy and safety of treatment."
  ["project_main_outcome_measure"]=>
  string(1124) "The main seizure efficacy outcome elements are the traditional dual primary outcomes for clinical trials of treatments for epilepsy: median percent reduction in seizure frequency (MPR; US Food and Drug Administration [FDA]) and 50% responder rate (50RR; European Medicines Agency [EMA]). Percent reduction in seizure frequency for each individual is defined by 100% minus the average seizure frequency during titration and maintenance divided by average seizure frequency during prerandomization baseline. The median of this percent reduction is compared across groups traditionally using a rank ANCOVA. The 50% responder rate is the percent of individuals for which percent reduction in seizure frequency is 50% or greater, when calculated using seizures from maintenance only compared to prerandomization baseline. To evaluate the safety of treatment, we compare the rate of adverse events that occurred within each treatment arm. Of note, we will not evaluate for new, unreported adverse events. Instead, this analysis will focus on if the previously identified adverse events can be observed with a Time to Event design."
  ["project_main_predictor_indep"]=>
  string(252) "The main predictor/independent variable of future seizure efficacy and safety of treatment are the previous entries from seizure diaries and reported adverse events. We will use the provided diary and adverse events as defined by each individual trial."
  ["project_other_variables_interest"]=>
  string(890) "There are numerous secondary outcome elements to this research. We can apply multiple statistical techniques to evaluate the group- and individual-level agreement of these co-primary seizure efficacy metrics when calculated with a Time to Event design, as compared to the full-length trials. For Time to Event designs, time before reaching the time to event endpoint is a quantitative metric for the efficacy of treatment using survival statistics including log rank and Cox Proportional Hazards. Additionally, we can separately analyze the time needed to make conclusions regarding seizure efficacy and safety with Time to Event designs compared to full-length trials, which also inform considerations of cost.

Other than the other clinical variables included in the original trial analysis, we do not propose to evaluate novel associations of gender, age groups, and ethnic groups."
  ["project_stat_analysis_plan"]=>
  string(3557) "Here is a general description of the statistical analysis plan based on each individual aim. Further details can be found in the attached parallel proposal with Vivli, which does not have a character limit. 

Aim 1: The dual primary seizure efficacy outcomes for each trial will be calculated as specified in the original publications of the trials: median percent reduction in seizure frequency (MPR) using a rank ANCOVA with stratification, 50% responder rate (50RR) with CMH tests or mixed-effects logistic regression. We will add mixed effects Cox-Proportional Hazards of the time before reaching T-PSC. Additionally, we will evaluate individual level correspondence at T-PSC versus the full-length trial with Spearman?s Rho (MPR) and Cohen?s Kappa (50RR). For illustration, we will used mixed-effects generalized linear models to combine across trials using the World Health Organization Defined Daily Dose to combine across dosages of different medications. 

Aim 2: For 50RR, we will use mixed-effects meta-analytic logistic regression with linear and polynomial terms for prerandomization seizure count (PSC). For MPR, we will evaluate multiple mixed-effects meta-analytic regression techniques including linear, log-linear, and rank regressions. We specifically will evaluate associations between average and standard deviation of seizure frequency in different trial phases with similar mixed-effects meta-analytic generalized-linear models. 

Aim 3: For trials with a titration or dose-finding phase, we will calculate the dual primary outcomes of each trial in 3 situations: (1) when the Time to Event endpoint starts with the first treatment dose and all data before the Time to Event endpoint contributes to the outcome, (2) when the Time to Event endpoint starts on the first day of the official maintenance phase and only data from maintenance before the Time to Event endpoint contributes to the outcome, and (3) when the Time to Event endpoint starts on the first day of the official maintenance phase and data from both maintenance and titration contribute to the outcome. We will compare the magnitude and effect size of the primary outcomes in these situations to the full-length trial. 

Aim 4: On a per-trial basis as well as meta-analytically across trials using mixed-effects modeling, we will evaluate the frequency with which each reported adverse effect started or occurred, as compared to the T-PSC for each patient. We will focus on adverse effects and categories of adverse effects as reported in the original publication of each trial, as well as adverse effects that appear on the FDA or EMA package label of each medication. Based on these data, we will categorize adverse effects as occurring uniformly before T-PSC (early), both before and after T-PSC (mid), and uniformly after T-PSC (late). 

Aim 5: We will use survival-based statistics including Kaplan-Meier plots and Cox Proportional Hazards to evaluate the degree to which seizure efficacy observed before Time to Event endpoints is predictive of long-term seizure efficacy seen later in the blinded trial and in the open-label extension, as well as sensitivity analyses for this. 

Aim 6: We will use generalized-linear models to design and evaluate other Time to Event designs that seek to improve upon T-PSC (e.g., binomial regression of seizure-free days, negative binomial regression, clustering terms, periodicity terms). In addition, we will evaluate potential applications of Time to Event designs to the baseline phase."
  ["project_timeline"]=>
  string(643) "This project is a continuation of a project which has used data from both YODA and Vivli. There is specific funding for Aims 1 through 4 from the current date through June 30th, 2025. The funding at the University of Pittsburgh begins July 1st, 2023. Based on progress on analyses from the Vivli data, we aim to to complete Aims 1 & 3 by the end of 2023 including analysis completion, drafting the manuscript, submission, and reporting back to YODA. We will work concurrently on Aim 2 with the goal of completion by March 2024. We aim to complete Aim 4 by June 2024. We will conduct the other aims based on the time and data access permitting."
  ["project_dissemination_plan"]=>
  string(508) "We intend to publish all research findings in peer-reviewed journal as well as Bioarchiv pending acceptance in other journals. Pending results, we can present these results at conferences including the American Epilepsy Society, American Academy of Neurology, Epilepsy Pipeline, and Epilepsy Therapies & Diagnostic Devices. The peer-reviewed journals that we will consider include but are not limited to Neurology, Epilepsia, Epilepsy Research, Epilepsy & Behavior, Seizure, Neurotherapeutics, and CNS drugs."
  ["project_bibliography"]=>
  string(4316) "

Kerr WT, Brandt C, Ngo LY, et al. Time to exceed pre-randomization monthly seizure count for perampanel in participants with primary generalized tonic-clonic seizures: A potential clinical end point. Epilepsia. Sep 14 2022;doi:10.1111/epi.17411
Kerr WT, Auvin S, Van der Geyten S, et al. Time-to-event clinical trial designs: Existing evidence and remaining concerns. Epilepsia. Apr 19 2023;doi:10.1111/epi.17621
Kerr WT, Chen H, Figuera Losada M, Cheng C, Liu T, French J. Reasons for ineligibility for clinical trials of patients with medication resistant epilepsy. Epilepsia. Mar 4 2023;doi:10.1111/epi.17568
Auvin S, French J, Dlugos D, et al. Novel study design to assess the efficacy and tolerability of antiseizure medications for focal-onset seizures in infants and young children: A consensus document from the regulatory task force and the pediatric commission of the International League against Epilepsy (ILAE), in collaboration with the Pediatric Epilepsy Research Consortium (PERC). Epilepsia Open. Dec 2019;4(4):537-543. doi:10.1002/epi4.12356
Auvin S, Nortvedt C, Fuller DS, Sahebkar F. Seizure-free days as a novel outcome in patients with Lennox-Gastaut syndrome: Post hoc analysis of patients receiving cannabidiol in two randomized controlled trials. Epilepsia. Jul 2023;64(7):1812-1820. doi:10.1111/epi.17618
 Auvin S, Damera V, Martin M, Holland R, Simontacchi K, Saich A. The impact of seizure frequency on quality of life in patients with Lennox-Gastaut syndrome or Dravet syndrome. Epilepsy Behav. Oct 2021;123:108239. doi:10.1016/j.yebeh.2021.108239
 Sullivan J, Specchio N, Devinsky O, et al. Fenfluramine significantly reduces day-to-day seizure burden by increasing number of seizure-free days and time between seizures in patients with Dravet syndrome: A time-to-event analysis. Epilepsia. Jan 2022;63(1):130-138. doi:10.1111/epi.17106
Leppik I, Morrell M, Godfroid P, Arrigo C. Seizure-free days observed in randomized placebo-controlled add-on trials with levetiracetam in partial epilepsy. Epilepsia. Oct 2003;44(10):1350-2. doi:10.1046/j.1528-1157.2003.62802.x
French JA. Proof of efficacy trials: endpoints. Epilepsy Res. May 2001;45(1-3):53-6; discussion 57-9. doi:10.1016/s0920-1211(01)00216-9
French JA, Gil-Nagel A, Malerba S, Kramer L, Kumar D, Bagiella E. Time to prerandomization monthly seizure count in perampanel trials: A novel epilepsy endpoint. Neurology. May 19 2015;84(20):2014-20. doi:10.1212/WNL.0000000000001585
 Lo SH, Lloyd A, Marshall J, Vyas K. Patient and Caregiver Health State Utilities in Lennox-Gastaut Syndrome and Dravet Syndrome. Clin Ther. Nov 2021;43(11):1861-1876 e16. doi:10.1016/j.clinthera.2021.09.017
Clarke BM, Upton AR, Griffin H, Fitzpatrick D, DeNardis M. Seizure control after stimulation of the vagus nerve: clinical outcome measures. Can J Neurol Sci. Aug 1997;24(3):222-5. doi:10.1017/s0317167100021831
Ryvlin P, Cucherat M, Rheims S. Risk of sudden unexpected death in epilepsy in patients given adjunctive antiepileptic treatment for refractory seizures: a meta-analysis of placebo-controlled randomised trials. Lancet Neurol. Nov 2011;10(11):961-8. doi:10.1016/S1474-4422(11)70193-4

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