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  ["project_title"]=>
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  string(608) "In recent years, upfront intensive therapy has become more common for metastatic, castration-sensitive prostate cancer (mCSPC). Previous studies have shown that androgen receptor signaling inhibitors (ARSI) can lead to the development of visceral metastasis in castration-resistant prostate cancer. However, it is still unclear whether the use of ARSI in mCSPC increases or accelerates the appearance of visceral metastasis. In this study, we use data from the TITAN trial to investigate the patterns of metastasis appearance and prognostic differences based on the type of metastasis in patients with mCSPC."
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  string(1638) "Background
In recent years, upfront intensive therapy has become more common for metastatic, castration-sensitive prostate cancer (mCSPC). Previous studies have shown that androgen receptor signaling inhibitors (ARSI) can lead to the development of visceral metastasis in castration-resistant prostate cancer. However, it is still unclear whether the use of ARSI in mCSPC increases or accelerates the appearance of visceral metastasis. Additionally, it's not clear whether upfront treatment leads to prognostic differences based on the pattern of metastasis compared to conventional androgen deprivation treatment (ADT) alone.

Objective
To investigate the patterns of metastasis appearance and prognostic differences based on the type of metastasis in patients with mCSPC who were treated with ADT and apalutamide, as compared to those who were treated with ADT plus placebo.

Study Design
A post-hoc analysis, using data on the TITAN trial.

Participants
Patients with mCSPC, treated with ADT in combination with apalutamide or placebo, who showed progression based on radiographic examinations.

Primary and Secondary Outcome Measures
OS, metastasis-free survival (MFS), and time from metastasis to death, categorized by site of metastasis as per the trial protocol.

Statistical Analysis
Descriptive statistics are used to summarize disease progression types and patterns. OS, MFS, and time from metastasis to death based on metastasis site are calculated using Kaplan-Meier analyses and compared using the log-rank test." ["project_brief_bg"]=> string(1236) "In metastatic, castration-sensitive prostate cancer (mCSPC), the combination treatment of androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) with androgen receptor signaling inhibitors (ARSI) and/or chemotherapy has become increasingly common in recent years.[1] Compared to patients treated with ADT alone, combination therapy has been shown to increase radiographic progression without PSA progression. [2] We presume that patients treated with upfront treatment may exhibit a different pattern of metastasis compared to those receiving ADT alone treatment.

Previous studies have indicated that ARSI can lead to the development of visceral metastasis in castration-resistant prostate cancer.[3] However, it remains unclear whether the use of ARSI in mCSPC leads to an increase or acceleration in the appearance of visceral metastasis.

In this study, we analyze data from the TITAN trial to investigate the patterns of metastasis appearance and prognostic differences based on the type of metastasis in patients with mCSPC who were treated with ADT and apalutamide, as compared to those who were treated with ADT plus placebo. Addressing these issues might pave the way for novel treatment strategies for mCSPC patients." ["project_specific_aims"]=> string(859) "The primary objective of this study is to evaluate the patterns of metastasis appearance and prognosis differences based on the type of metastasis in patients with metastatic, castration-sensitive prostate cancer who were undergoing treatment with androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) and apalutamide compared to those receiving ADT plus placebo. The following hypotheses are proposed for this study:

1. The proportion of visceral metastases will increase in patients treated with the combination of ADT and apalutamide.
2. The appearance of visceral metastases will occur earlier in patients treated with the combination of ADT and apalutamide.
3. Patients treated with the combination of ADT and apalutamide will have a different prognosis than patients treated with ADT and placebo, even if they have the same metastatic pattern." ["project_study_design"]=> array(2) { ["value"]=> string(14) "indiv_trial_an" ["label"]=> string(25) "Individual trial analysis" } ["project_purposes"]=> array(1) { [0]=> array(2) { ["value"]=> string(56) "new_research_question_to_examine_treatment_effectiveness" ["label"]=> string(114) "New research question to examine treatment effectiveness on secondary endpoints and/or within subgroup populations" } } ["project_research_methods"]=> string(118) "Inclusion criteria: All patients involved in this trial
Exclusion criteria: Patients with missing outcome data" ["project_main_outcome_measure"]=> string(130) "OS, metastasis-free survival (MFS), and time from metastasis to death categorized by site of metastasis as per the trial protocol." ["project_main_predictor_indep"]=> string(67) "The primary variable is the use of apalutamide after randomization." ["project_other_variables_interest"]=> string(905) "The following variables will be used as covariates in the analysis:
- Age (categorical)
- Race (categorical)
- Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status (categorical)
- Baseline prostate-specific antigen (continuous)
- Gleason score at diagnosis (categorical)
- Prior local therapy (categorical)
- Presence of visceral metastasis (categorical)
- Presence of lymph node metastasis (categorical)
- Presence of liver metastasis (categorical)
- Presence of lung metastasis (categorical)
- Metastasis stage at initial diagnosis (categorical)
- Baseline hemoglobin (continuous)
- Baseline albumin (continuous)
- Baseline alkaline phosphatase (continuous)
- Baseline lactate dehydrogenase (continuous)
- Previous docetaxel use (categorical)
- Baseline disease volume (categorical)" ["project_stat_analysis_plan"]=> string(217) "We will use descriptive statistics to outline the baseline characteristics and disease progression patterns. Time-to-event outcomes will be illustrated using Kaplan-Meier analyses and compared using the log-rank test." ["project_software_used"]=> array(2) { ["value"]=> string(7) "rstudio" ["label"]=> string(7) "RStudio" } ["project_timeline"]=> string(195) "Day 0: Approval of the project
Day 60: Data transfer
Day 90: Data processing
Day 120: Data analysis
Day 240: Manuscript writing
Day 360: Manuscript submission" ["project_dissemination_plan"]=> string(159) "The project is expected to produce a manuscript suitable for publication in a urology journal, with results to be presented at appropriate urology conferences." ["project_bibliography"]=> string(1073) "

[1] Posdzich P, Darr C, Hilser T, Wahl M, Herrmann K, Hadaschik B, Grünwald V. Metastatic Prostate Cancer-A Review of Current Treatment Options and Promising New Approaches. Cancers (Basel). 2023 Jan 11;15(2):461. doi: 10.3390/cancers15020461. PMID: 36672410; PMCID: PMC9856730.

[2] Fukuokaya W, Yanagisawa T, Mori K, Urabe F, Rajwa P, Briganti A, Shariat SF, Kimura T. Radiographic Progression Without Corresponding Prostate-specific Antigen Progression in Patients with Metastatic Castration-sensitive Prostate Cancer Receiving Apalutamide: Secondary Analysis of the TITAN Trial. Eur Urol Oncol. 2024 Apr 29:S2588-9311(24)00101-9. doi: 10.1016/j.euo.2024.04.009. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 38688767.

[3] Iwamoto H, Izumi K, Shimada T, Kano H, Kadomoto S, Makino T, Naito R, Yaegashi H, Shigehara K, Kadono Y, Mizokami A. Androgen receptor signaling-targeted therapy and taxane chemotherapy induce visceral metastasis in castration-resistant prostate cancer. Prostate. 2021 Jan;81(1):72-80. doi: 10.1002/pros.24082. Epub 2020 Oct 13. PMID: 33047850.

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2024-0836

General Information

How did you learn about the YODA Project?: Colleague

Conflict of Interest

Request Clinical Trials

Associated Trial(s):
  1. NCT02489318 - A Phase 3 Randomized, Placebo-controlled, Double-blind Study of Apalutamide Plus Androgen Deprivation Therapy (ADT) Versus ADT in Subjects With Metastatic Hormone-sensitive Prostate Cancer (mHSPC)
What type of data are you looking for?: Individual Participant-Level Data, which includes Full CSR and all supporting documentation

Request Clinical Trials

Data Request Status

Status: Ongoing

Research Proposal

Project Title: Patterns of metastasis appearance and prognostic differences based on the type of metastasis in metastatic, castration-sensitive prostate cancer

Scientific Abstract: Background
In recent years, upfront intensive therapy has become more common for metastatic, castration-sensitive prostate cancer (mCSPC). Previous studies have shown that androgen receptor signaling inhibitors (ARSI) can lead to the development of visceral metastasis in castration-resistant prostate cancer. However, it is still unclear whether the use of ARSI in mCSPC increases or accelerates the appearance of visceral metastasis. Additionally, it's not clear whether upfront treatment leads to prognostic differences based on the pattern of metastasis compared to conventional androgen deprivation treatment (ADT) alone.

Objective
To investigate the patterns of metastasis appearance and prognostic differences based on the type of metastasis in patients with mCSPC who were treated with ADT and apalutamide, as compared to those who were treated with ADT plus placebo.

Study Design
A post-hoc analysis, using data on the TITAN trial.

Participants
Patients with mCSPC, treated with ADT in combination with apalutamide or placebo, who showed progression based on radiographic examinations.

Primary and Secondary Outcome Measures
OS, metastasis-free survival (MFS), and time from metastasis to death, categorized by site of metastasis as per the trial protocol.

Statistical Analysis
Descriptive statistics are used to summarize disease progression types and patterns. OS, MFS, and time from metastasis to death based on metastasis site are calculated using Kaplan-Meier analyses and compared using the log-rank test.

Brief Project Background and Statement of Project Significance: In metastatic, castration-sensitive prostate cancer (mCSPC), the combination treatment of androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) with androgen receptor signaling inhibitors (ARSI) and/or chemotherapy has become increasingly common in recent years.[1] Compared to patients treated with ADT alone, combination therapy has been shown to increase radiographic progression without PSA progression. [2] We presume that patients treated with upfront treatment may exhibit a different pattern of metastasis compared to those receiving ADT alone treatment.

Previous studies have indicated that ARSI can lead to the development of visceral metastasis in castration-resistant prostate cancer.[3] However, it remains unclear whether the use of ARSI in mCSPC leads to an increase or acceleration in the appearance of visceral metastasis.

In this study, we analyze data from the TITAN trial to investigate the patterns of metastasis appearance and prognostic differences based on the type of metastasis in patients with mCSPC who were treated with ADT and apalutamide, as compared to those who were treated with ADT plus placebo. Addressing these issues might pave the way for novel treatment strategies for mCSPC patients.

Specific Aims of the Project: The primary objective of this study is to evaluate the patterns of metastasis appearance and prognosis differences based on the type of metastasis in patients with metastatic, castration-sensitive prostate cancer who were undergoing treatment with androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) and apalutamide compared to those receiving ADT plus placebo. The following hypotheses are proposed for this study:

1. The proportion of visceral metastases will increase in patients treated with the combination of ADT and apalutamide.
2. The appearance of visceral metastases will occur earlier in patients treated with the combination of ADT and apalutamide.
3. Patients treated with the combination of ADT and apalutamide will have a different prognosis than patients treated with ADT and placebo, even if they have the same metastatic pattern.

Study Design: Individual trial analysis

What is the purpose of the analysis being proposed? Please select all that apply.: New research question to examine treatment effectiveness on secondary endpoints and/or within subgroup populations

Software Used: RStudio

Data Source and Inclusion/Exclusion Criteria to be used to define the patient sample for your study: Inclusion criteria: All patients involved in this trial
Exclusion criteria: Patients with missing outcome data

Primary and Secondary Outcome Measure(s) and how they will be categorized/defined for your study: OS, metastasis-free survival (MFS), and time from metastasis to death categorized by site of metastasis as per the trial protocol.

Main Predictor/Independent Variable and how it will be categorized/defined for your study: The primary variable is the use of apalutamide after randomization.

Other Variables of Interest that will be used in your analysis and how they will be categorized/defined for your study: The following variables will be used as covariates in the analysis:
- Age (categorical)
- Race (categorical)
- Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status (categorical)
- Baseline prostate-specific antigen (continuous)
- Gleason score at diagnosis (categorical)
- Prior local therapy (categorical)
- Presence of visceral metastasis (categorical)
- Presence of lymph node metastasis (categorical)
- Presence of liver metastasis (categorical)
- Presence of lung metastasis (categorical)
- Metastasis stage at initial diagnosis (categorical)
- Baseline hemoglobin (continuous)
- Baseline albumin (continuous)
- Baseline alkaline phosphatase (continuous)
- Baseline lactate dehydrogenase (continuous)
- Previous docetaxel use (categorical)
- Baseline disease volume (categorical)

Statistical Analysis Plan: We will use descriptive statistics to outline the baseline characteristics and disease progression patterns. Time-to-event outcomes will be illustrated using Kaplan-Meier analyses and compared using the log-rank test.

Narrative Summary: In recent years, upfront intensive therapy has become more common for metastatic, castration-sensitive prostate cancer (mCSPC). Previous studies have shown that androgen receptor signaling inhibitors (ARSI) can lead to the development of visceral metastasis in castration-resistant prostate cancer. However, it is still unclear whether the use of ARSI in mCSPC increases or accelerates the appearance of visceral metastasis. In this study, we use data from the TITAN trial to investigate the patterns of metastasis appearance and prognostic differences based on the type of metastasis in patients with mCSPC.

Project Timeline: Day 0: Approval of the project
Day 60: Data transfer
Day 90: Data processing
Day 120: Data analysis
Day 240: Manuscript writing
Day 360: Manuscript submission

Dissemination Plan: The project is expected to produce a manuscript suitable for publication in a urology journal, with results to be presented at appropriate urology conferences.

Bibliography:

[1] Posdzich P, Darr C, Hilser T, Wahl M, Herrmann K, Hadaschik B, Grünwald V. Metastatic Prostate Cancer-A Review of Current Treatment Options and Promising New Approaches. Cancers (Basel). 2023 Jan 11;15(2):461. doi: 10.3390/cancers15020461. PMID: 36672410; PMCID: PMC9856730.

[2] Fukuokaya W, Yanagisawa T, Mori K, Urabe F, Rajwa P, Briganti A, Shariat SF, Kimura T. Radiographic Progression Without Corresponding Prostate-specific Antigen Progression in Patients with Metastatic Castration-sensitive Prostate Cancer Receiving Apalutamide: Secondary Analysis of the TITAN Trial. Eur Urol Oncol. 2024 Apr 29:S2588-9311(24)00101-9. doi: 10.1016/j.euo.2024.04.009. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 38688767.

[3] Iwamoto H, Izumi K, Shimada T, Kano H, Kadomoto S, Makino T, Naito R, Yaegashi H, Shigehara K, Kadono Y, Mizokami A. Androgen receptor signaling-targeted therapy and taxane chemotherapy induce visceral metastasis in castration-resistant prostate cancer. Prostate. 2021 Jan;81(1):72-80. doi: 10.1002/pros.24082. Epub 2020 Oct 13. PMID: 33047850.