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  string(681) "SGLT2 inhibitors (SGLT2Is) confer renal benefits for type 2 diabetic patients through a variety of mechanisms. Prior mediation analyses reported that the increase in erythropoiesis was most responsible for boosting kidney health;  however, the mechanisms underlying the renoprotective effects of SGLT2Is have been largely unexplored especially among more advanced chronic kidney disease with type 2 diabetes at high risk for end-stage kidney disease (ESKD). Using clinical trial data, we aim to identify significant mediators between SGLT2Is and ESKD. The current mediation analysis will provide valuable insight into the mechanisms underlying the renoprotective effect of SGLT2Is."
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      string(229) "NCT02065791 - A Randomized, Double-blind, Event-driven, Placebo-controlled, Multicenter Study of the Effects of Canagliflozin on Renal and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Subjects With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Diabetic Nephropathy"
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  string(612) "Background: SGLT2Is reduce renal events in patients with type 2 diabetes. To date, the renoprotective mechanisms of SGLT2Is have not been fully investigated especially among patients with overt albuminuria.

Objective: To identify mediators that underly the efficacy of SGLT2Is on ESKD.

Study Design: Post-hoc mediation analyses of the CREDENCE (Canagliflozin and Renal Events in Diabetes with Established Nephropathy Clinical Evaluation) trial

Participants: Individuals were ?30 y, had type 2 diabetes, an HbA1c between 6.5% and 12.0%, an estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) of 30 to"
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  string(1276) "Type 2 Diabetes mellitus (T2DM), the leading cause of kidney failure worldwide, is one of the most challenging health problems to manage. Emerging data have revealed that SGLT2Is are successful at treating cardiovascular and renal comorbidities in patients with T2DM (1-3). Explanations for this include their ability to improve glycemic levels, blood pressure, body weight, and excretion of albuminuria (4). Previous mediation analyses among diabetic patients with normal or mildly impaired renal function found that SGLT2I increased erythropoiesis, which likely explains the renoprotection that has been observed (5); however, most of the patients who reached the renal composite endpoint in this study did not reach ESKD since a 40% decline in eGFR was the most common outcome. It remains unknown whether this is also the case with diabetic patients at high risk for ESKD since erythropoiesis is impaired with advancing CKD stage (6). Besides, several potential mediators (e.g., acute eGFR decline following SGLT2Is, serum calcium, phosphate, and magnesium) have not been investigated. Our proposed mediation analyses are expected to provide meaningful insight into the mechanisms responsible for the renoprotection by SGLT2Is among diabetic patients at high risk for ESKD."
  ["project_specific_aims"]=>
  string(722) "This study aims to identify significant mediators between SGLT2Is and ESKD. SGLT2Is decrease risk factors involved in the progression of ESKD, including hypertension, obesity, and UACR. Among them, we surmise that increased serum magnesium levels after SGLT2Is mediate their renoprotection because hypomagnesemia was common and reported to be a predictor of ESKD in patients with T2DM (7). Hypomagnesemia is also well-known to associate with hypertension, insulin resistance, and endothelial dysfunction; common risk factors for the progression of CKD (8). Assuming that serum magnesium elevation following SGLT2Is has an impact on renal prognosis, a large increase in magnesium levels might predict better renal outcomes."
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  string(234) "We will perform the current analyses using individual participant-level data from the CREDENCE trial (2). Briefly, patients were included if they were ?30 y, had type 2 diabetes, an HbA1c level between 6.5% and 12.0%, an eGFR of 30 to"
  ["project_main_outcome_measure"]=>
  string(123) "The main outcome will be defined as ESKD (dialysis, transplantation, or a sustained estimated glomerular filtration rate of"
  ["project_main_predictor_indep"]=>
  string(577) "As candidate mediators, we will consider the following biomarkers based upon our knowledge and present perspectives (4): HbA1c, systolic blood pressure (BP), diastolic BP, heart rate, LDL-cholesterol (C), HDL-C, triglycerides, eGFR, UACR, body weight, body mass index, hematocrit, hemoglobin, serum albumin, urate, calcium, phosphate, magnesium. We note that the examination of these biomarkers will be dependent on the availability of data. We will treat all biomarkers as continuous and, if necessary, categorical variables (e.g. hemoglobin, based on the presence of anemia)."
  ["project_other_variables_interest"]=>
  string(94) "As mentioned above, we will treat potential mediators as continuous and categorical variables."
  ["project_stat_analysis_plan"]=>
  string(1218) "We plan to perform mediation analyses to explore the mechanisms underlying the efficacy of canagliflozin on reducing the incidence of ESKD. First, we will select potential mediators based upon our knowledge and present perspectives (see the details in the Main Predictor section). For mediators to be eligible, we will assess whether canagliflozin affects post-randomization values, and whether these levels associate with ESKD using a mixed-effects model and a Cox model, respectively. We will calculate the percentages of mediation effects using the traditional method proposed by Baron and Kenny (9), which consists of comparing hazard ratios from unadjusted and adjusted Cox models. The 95% confidence intervals for these percentages will be estimated using a bootstrap sampling method. Next, we will select mediators with large percentage values to build a multivariable model for examining how the mediators collectively contribute to renoprotection. Mediators will be added into the model until the mediation effect reaches 100% (or nearly). For a sensitivity analysis, we will employ an inverse odds ratio-weighted approach because it can handle complex interactions between the treatment and mediator(s) (10)."
  ["project_timeline"]=>
  string(181) "We are ready to carry out the proposed research. The analyses will be completed within 6 months. We will spend another 3 months writing (and subsequently submitting) the manuscript."
  ["project_dissemination_plan"]=>
  string(252) "We expect to have impressive and meaningful results to share with healthcare providers. We plan to submit to a top diabetes or nephrology journal, such as Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology, Diabetes Care, or Journal of the American Society of Nephrology."
  ["project_bibliography"]=>
  string(2117) "
1. Neal B, Perkovic V, Mahaffey KW, de Zeeuw D, Fulcher G, Erondu N, et al. Canagliflozin and Cardiovascular and Renal Events in Type 2 Diabetes. The New England journal of medicine. 2017;377(7):644-57.

2. Perkovic V, Jardine MJ, Neal B, Bompoint S, Heerspink HJL, Charytan DM, et al. Canagliflozin and Renal Outcomes in Type 2 Diabetes and Nephropathy. The New England journal of medicine. 2019;380(24):2295-306.

3. Zinman B, Wanner C, Lachin JM, Fitchett D, Bluhmki E, Hantel S, et al. Empagliflozin, Cardiovascular Outcomes, and Mortality in Type 2 Diabetes. The New England journal of medicine. 2015;373(22):2117-28.

4. van Bommel EJ, Muskiet MH, Tonneijck L, Kramer MH, Nieuwdorp M, van Raalte DH. SGLT2 Inhibition in the Diabetic Kidney-From Mechanisms to Clinical Outcome. Clinical journal of the American Society of Nephrology : CJASN. 2017;12(4):700-10.

5. Li J, Neal B, Perkovic V, de Zeeuw D, Neuen BL, Arnott C, et al. Mediators of the effects of canagliflozin on kidney protection in patients with type 2 diabetes. Kidney international. 2020;98(3):769-77.

6. Fujita Y, Doi Y, Hamano T, Hatazaki M, Umayahara Y, Isaka Y, et al. Low erythropoietin levels predict faster renal function decline in diabetic patients with anemia: a prospective cohort study. Scientific reports. 2019;9(1):14871.

7. Sakaguchi Y, Shoji T, Hayashi T, Suzuki A, Shimizu M, Mitsumoto K, et al. Hypomagnesemia in type 2 diabetic nephropathy: a novel predictor of end-stage renal disease. Diabetes care. 2012;35(7):1591-7.

8. Sakaguchi Y, Hamano T, Isaka Y. Magnesium and Progression of Chronic Kidney Disease: Benefits Beyond Cardiovascular Protection? Advances in chronic kidney disease. 2018;25(3):274-80.

9. Baron RM, Kenny DA. The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of personality and social psychology. 1986;51(6):1173-82.

10. Tchetgen Tchetgen EJ. Inverse odds ratio-weighted estimation for causal mediation analysis. Statistics in medicine. 2013;32(26):4567-80.
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