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A pooled analysis of 17 population-based studies found higher CD risk in females 25-29 and >35 years old (4). Hormonal therapy and pregnancy are associated with severe IBD (5). Experimental data is supportive (6,7). Sparse data suggest lower response to anti-TNF(8) and higher risk of anti-drug antibodies (9) in women.

We will conduct a pooled analysis of available data to delineate the impact of gender on response to therapy in IBD."
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IBD often necessitates systemic biologic therapy to achieve disease remission and avoid adverse outcomes. Risk stratification is key to precise and personalized therapy, and ensuring optimal patient outcomes. While gender-based differences in IBD are increasingly recognized, the effect of gender on therapeutic response is not known. 

Objective

To define gender-based differences in response to biologic therapy in IBD 

Study Design

We will conduct a pooled analysis of data from randomized clinical trials in IBD where the primary outcome was response to biologic therapy.  

Participants

Patients in phases 2-4 randomized clinical trials on the efficacy of infliximab, golimumab and ustekinumab will be included when data on response to therapy, stratified by sex, is available

Main Outcome Measure(s)

Primary outcome (Aim 1): Endoscopic remission, defined as CD endoscopic index of severity (CDEIS)"
  ["project_brief_bg"]=>
  string(3144) "Background and Statement of Project Significance

Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), including Crohn?s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), are chronic, progressive, and disabling inflammatory disorders of the gastrointestinal tract. Their pathogenesis is incompletely understood, but involves the complex interaction between environmental determinants, immune dysregulation, and gut dysbiosis in a genetically susceptible host (1, 2) IBD can present at any age, but tends to affect adolescents and young adults most frequently. Mucosal healing with early aggressive biologic therapy, e.g. tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) inhibitors, improves long-term outcomes and prevents complications (3). Conversely, lack of adequate therapy and resultant high inflammatory burden carries the risk of progressive intestinal injury and complications including colorectal neoplasia. However, not all patients benefit from biologic agents and remain at risk of disease complications. Therefore, defining predictors of response to biologics is critical to the development of precise, personalized treatment strategies to improve patient important outcomes. (1, 2) 

We hypothesize that gender is one clinical factor that might affect response to biologic therapy in IBD. There are emerging epidemiological data implicating sex in IBD pathogenesis, although the exact mechanisms are yet to be defined. A recent pooled analysis of 17 population-based studies from Western industrialized countries found that males were at higher risk for CD until age 10-14 years, with a higher risk in females at ages 25-29 and >35 years (4). Hormonal contraceptives and pregnancy have also been associated with worsening of IBD, lending weight to the role of sex hormones in gender-specific IBD phenotype (5). Experimental evidence is also supportive (6, 7). While sparse data suggest lower response to TNF-alpha inhibitors in women (8) and higher likelihood of drug neutralizing anti-TNF alpha antibodies (9), no single study has adequately investigated gender-specific differences in therapeutic responses in IBD. The primary aim of the present proposal is to systematically and comprehensively define gender-based differences in response to IBD biologic therapy.

The Yale University Open Data Access Project (YODA) is a powerful resource as it provides open access to primary trial data for clinical research.  Using such data, we will conduct a pooled analysis to delineate whether gender predicts or modifies response to therapy as pre-defined by standardized, objective measures. We will conduct several sensitivity and stratified analyses as detailed below. 

This would be the first comprehensive study to determine the impact of gender on therapeutic response to biologic therapy in patients with IBD. Our findings have immediate clinical implications and are an important step forward towards targeted treatment algorithms based in evidence that are expected to result in improved patient outcomes. Furthermore, our findings will contribute to better patient education and ability to better manage patient expectations with therapy."
  ["project_specific_aims"]=>
  string(1212) "Aim 1. To define gender-based differences in endoscopic response to biological therapy among patients with active CD or UC, in a pooled analysis of randomized clinical trials (RCTs)

Hypothesis 1. Female patients with CD or UC are less likely to achieve endoscopic remission than male patients around biological milestones such as menarche, child-bearing years and menopause.

Sub aim 1. To define gender-based differences in biochemical response to biological therapy among patients with active CD or UC 

Sub aim 2. To determine if the age at initial diagnosis of CD or UC impacts the effect of gender on endoscopic remission

Aim 2. To define gender-based differences in clinical response to biological therapy among patients with active CD or UC, in a pooled analysis of RCTs

Hypothesis 2. Female patients with CD or UC are less likely to achieve clinical remission compared with male patients around biological milestones such as menarche, child-bearing years and menopause. 

Sub aim 2. To determine if gender impacts clinical improvement with TNFalpha inhibitors, defined as decrease in HBI by >=3 points or partial Mayo by >=2 points, but not meeting criteria for remission"
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  ["project_purposes"]=>
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      ["value"]=>
      string(32) "Summary-level data meta-analysis"
      ["label"]=>
      string(32) "Summary-level data meta-analysis"
    }
    [1]=>
    array(2) {
      ["value"]=>
      string(66) "Summary-level data meta-analysis using only data from YODA Project"
      ["label"]=>
      string(66) "Summary-level data meta-analysis using only data from YODA Project"
    }
    [2]=>
    array(2) {
      ["value"]=>
      string(36) "Participant-level data meta-analysis"
      ["label"]=>
      string(36) "Participant-level data meta-analysis"
    }
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    array(2) {
      ["value"]=>
      string(66) "Summary-level data meta-analysis using only data from YODA Project"
      ["label"]=>
      string(66) "Summary-level data meta-analysis using only data from YODA Project"
    }
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  string(412) "This will be a pooled analysis of primary trial data included in YODA on the efficacy of biologics for CD and UC to determine if gender impacts response to therapy. 

Inclusion: All phases 2-4 RCTs on the efficacy of infliximab and golimumab (TNF-alpha), and ustekinumab (interleukin-12/23 inhibitor); drugs for which sub-trial data is available through YODA and for which the results are stratified by sex."
  ["project_main_outcome_measure"]=>
  string(52) "Primary outcome (Aim 1): Endoscopic remission (CDEIS"
  ["project_main_predictor_indep"]=>
  string(91) "The main predictor variable will be gender (male, female), which is a categorical variable."
  ["project_other_variables_interest"]=>
  string(815) "Covariates (adjustment variables), to be defined at time of initiation of biologic (T0) unless otherwise specified: drug class, age at initial diagnosis, age at initiation of biologic, BMI, race/ethnicity, smoking history (duration and amount), disease duration, Montreal classification (behavior, location), presence of peri-anal disease (CD), severity at diagnosis, severity at initiation of biologic, prior IBD-related surgery (binary yes/no, and type of surgery), history of colorectal neoplasia, history of any cancer (other than non-melanomatous skin), prior IBD therapy exposure such as corticosteroids and immunomodulators (type, dose, duration). Medication exposure is defined as at least 30 days of use. These variables were selected as they are known to impact disease severity and response to treatment."
  ["project_stat_analysis_plan"]=>
  string(575) "We will compile summary statistics for the pooled data as well as each study individually, and present both the grouped summary data and stratified by sex. Chi square and Student?s t-test will be used to determine significance for categorical and continuous variables, respectively. We will pool the raw primary data of studies meeting inclusion criteria (defined above) and determine study estimates for the total pooled group and stratified by gender. We will perform multivariable analyses and adjust for co-variates that are associated with the outcome of interest with p"
  ["project_timeline"]=>
  string(160) "?	Submission of proposal to YODA, approval and access: 4-6 weeks

?	Data extraction: 8 weeks

?	Analysis: 8 weeks

?	Manuscript writing: 12 weeks"
  ["project_dissemination_plan"]=>
  string(135) "We intend to submit our final results and their interpretation as a manuscript to a high-impact journal in IBD and/or Gastroenterology."
  ["project_bibliography"]=>
  string(1788) "
1.	Torres J, Mehandru S, Colombel JF, Peyrin-Biroulet L. Crohn’s disease. Lancet (London, England). 2017;389(10080):1741-55.

2.	Ungaro R, Mehandru S, Allen PB, Peyrin-Biroulet L, Colombel JF. Ulcerative colitis. Lancet (London, England). 2017;389(10080):1756-70.

3.	Khanna R, Bressler B, Levesque BG, Zou G, Stitt LW, Greenberg GR, et al. Early combined immunosuppression for the management of Crohn’s disease (REACT): a cluster randomised controlled trial. Lancet (London, England). 2015;386(10006):1825-34.

4.	Shah SC, Khalili H, Gower-Rousseau C, Olen O, Benchimol EI, Lynge E, et al. Sex-based Differences in Incidence of Inflammatory Bowel Diseases-Pooled Analysis of Population-based Studies from Western Countries. Gastroenterology. 2018.

5.	Khalili H, Higuchi LM, Ananthakrishnan AN, Richter JM, Feskanich D, Fuchs CS, et al. Oral contraceptives, reproductive factors and risk of inflammatory bowel disease. Gut. 2013;62(8):1153-9.

6.	De Simone V, Matteoli G. Estrogen-Mediated Effects Underlie Gender Bias in Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2018;5(4):638-9 e1.

7.	Tiratterra E, Franco P, Porru E, Katsanos KH, Christodoulou DK, Roda G. Role of bile acids in inflammatory bowel disease. Annals of gastroenterology. 2018;31(3):266-72.

8.	Choi CH, Song ID, Kim YH, Koo JS, Kim YS, Kim JS, et al. Efficacy and Safety of Infliximab Therapy and Predictors of Response in Korean Patients with Crohn’s Disease: A Nationwide, Multicenter Study. Yonsei Med J. 2016;57(6):1376-85.

9.	Ordas I, Mould DR, Feagan BG, Sandborn WJ. Anti-TNF monoclonal antibodies in inflammatory bowel disease: pharmacokinetics-based dosing paradigms. Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics. 2012;91(4):635-46.
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  [0]=>
  string(8) "remicade"
  [1]=>
  string(7) "simponi"
  [2]=>
  string(7) "stelara"
}


num of trials
array(1) {
  [0]=>
  string(2) "21"
}


res
array(1) {
  [0]=>
  string(1) "1"
}