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  string(988) "Background: The elderly represent a high risk group of patients with IBD. As such, efficacy and safety data of biologic therapy is needed. Objective: Define efficacy and safety of biologics in adults > 60 years. Study Design: Participants will be grouped by cases (adults > 60 years) and controls (adults < 60 years). The primary outcome evaluated will be absolute and relative clinical efficacy. Secondary endpoints will include absolute and relative clinical response, endoscopic healing, adverse events, antibody formation, and health-related quality of life. Clinical response will be defined as a decrease in CDAI by  ? 100 in CD and Mayo score >2 with all sub-scores ? 1 in UC. Endoscopic healing will be assessed by the Mayo endoscopic sub-score for UC and gross endoscopic findings for CD. Health-related quality of life will be measured by the short form of the IBD Questionnaire (SIBD-Q) score. Participants: Adults > 60 years will be included as cases. All other participants ("
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  string(3170) "It is estimated that 10 to 30% of patients with IBD are over the age of 60.(1) These patients represent an important group for further study in IBD because their management requires additional considerations. First, the disease presentation and course may be different across age groups. A population based cohort study of IBD in France, EPIMAD, investigated differences in the natural history of IBD by age.(2) Results of this study demonstrated that older patients with CD tended to present more often with rectal bleeding and anal fistulas whereas younger patients tended to present more often with diarrhea and abdominal pain. In addition, the disease distribution in CD was more often colonic and the behavior more often inflammatory in older adults. Finally, the rate of disease behavior progression over 15 years was relatively low (9%), which may suggest a more indolent course. Alternatively, older patients with UC tended to present less often with rectal bleeding and abdominal pain and their disease distribution was more commonly left sided with 16% having some level of disease progression. Next, with increasing age comes the potential for additional complications both independently and related to increasing co-morbidities and polypharmacy.(1) Older patients with IBD-related hospitalization had an independently higher mortality when compared to younger patients, regardless of concurrent co-morbidity (OR 3.91).(3) These results highlight the independently deleterious effect age can have in IBD. In addition, older patients may have increasing cardiovascular, pulmonary, or metabolic disease, which can add complexity to decision making. Finally, the existing literature on biologic use in the elderly is limited. A retrospective review of anti-TNF efficacy demonstrated similar rates of clinical remission among those older and those younger than 65.(4) Lobaton, et al also demonstrated equivalent anti-TNF efficacy over the long term but showed lower efficacy in the short term.(5) Alternatively, Ananthakrishnan et al found lower efficacy in older patients when compared to younger patients.(6) Interpretation of retrospective studies is difficult and maintenance anti-TNF therapy is still reported to be low in the elderly; 9% in CD and 1% in UC.(1) Furthermore, older patients have been demonstrated to be three times more likely to stop therapy, with 70% discontinuing therapy after just over two years.(6) Low rates of use may be related to hesitancy by prescribers to use immune suppressive drugs in this higher risk population. Such concerns are supported by a reported rate of infectious adverse events of 11% in the elderly on anti-TNF therapy.(4) Interpretation of primary clinical trial data may offer additional insight into clinical efficacy and safety. Unfortunately, published clinical trial data in the elderly is limited by the small absolute number of participants as well as the lower average age of participants.(7) In summary, there is a need for more data evaluating the  efficacy and safety of biologic treatment in the elderly and composite clinical trial data may allow for more accurate reflections of efficacy and safety."
  ["project_specific_aims"]=>
  string(672) "1) The primary aim of this study will be to compare absolute and relative clinical efficacy rates of biologic therapy across the strata of age (>60 yrs versus < 60 yrs).  Absolute clinical efficacy will be assessed by the absolute difference in rates of clinical remission between older patients with any biologic therapy and placebo compared to younger patients with any biologic therapy and placebo. Relative efficacy will be assessed as the crude difference between older and younger patients on biologic therapy.
2) The secondary aim of this study will be to compare absolute and relative safety rates of biologic therapy across the strata of age (>60 yrs versus" ["project_study_design"]=> string(0) "" ["project_study_design_exp"]=> string(0) "" ["project_purposes"]=> array(2) { [0]=> array(2) { ["value"]=> string(114) "New research question to examine treatment effectiveness on secondary endpoints and/or within subgroup populations" ["label"]=> string(114) "New research question to examine treatment effectiveness on secondary endpoints and/or within subgroup populations" } [1]=> array(2) { ["value"]=> string(49) "New research question to examine treatment safety" ["label"]=> string(49) "New research question to examine treatment safety" } } ["project_purposes_exp"]=> string(0) "" ["project_software_used"]=> string(0) "" ["project_software_used_exp"]=> string(0) "" ["project_research_methods"]=> string(580) "The database will be queried for all clinical trial data evaluating efficacy and safety of biologic therapy in CD or UC. Based on a preliminary evaluation of the data available on the website, we expect to procure data related to infliximab, golimumab, and ustekinumab use. Additional drugs of interest, should they become available in the interim, would include adalimumab, certolizumab, vedolizumab, mercaptopurine, azathioprine, and/or methotrexate. All patients included in the original clinical trial data will be included in this sub-analysis. No patients will be excluded." ["project_main_outcome_measure"]=> string(965) "The main outcome measure evaluated will be clinical remission. Clinical remission will be defined as a CDAI score less than 150 for CD and a Mayo Score less than 2 for UC. Clinical remission will be measured as an absolute difference (older patients with any biologic therapy versus placebo compared to younger patients with any biologic therapy versus placebo) and relative difference (older patient on any biologic therapy versus younger patient on any biologic therapy). The secondary outcome measure will be safety. Safety outcomes of interest will include serious adverse events, infection related adverse events, and malignancy. Absolute safety rates will be assessed by the absolute difference in rates of events between older patients on any biologic therapy and placebo compared to younger patients on any biologic therapy and placebo. Relative safety rates will be assessed as the crude difference between older and younger patients on biologic therapy." ["project_main_predictor_indep"]=> string(193) "The main predictor variable will be age.
? Cases will be defined as adults greater than or equal to 60 years of age.
? Controls will be defined as adults less than 60 years of age." ["project_other_variables_interest"]=> string(654) "Additional variables of interest will include absolute and relative differences in clinical response, endoscopic healing, antibody formation, and health-related quality of life. Clinical response will be defined as a decrease in CDAI by greater than or equal to 100 in CD and a decrease in the Mayo score by 2 (with all subscores less than or equal to 1) in UC. Endoscopic activity will be defined as mucosal healing: a Mayo endoscopic subscore of 0 or 1 for UC and absence of ulcers in CD. Antibody formation will be assessed by trough drug level and detectable antibodies. Finally, health-related quality of life will be assessed with the SIBD-Q score." ["project_stat_analysis_plan"]=> string(536) "Comparison of continuous variables will be performed by t tests or Mann-Whitney test, as appropriate. Comparison of categorical variables will be performed by Chi square tests or Fisher Exact tests, as appropriate. Random effects model with meta regression of potential confounders (type of biologic [anti-TNF versus IL-23], type of disease [CD versus UC], and presence or absence of concomitant immunosuppression) will be used to examine the effect of age on clinical efficacy and safety of biologic therapies in the management of IBD." ["project_timeline"]=> string(244) "Anticipated Project Start Date: August 1, 2017
Analysis Completion Date: March 31, 2018
Report of Results to YODA: May 31, 2018
Date of First Manuscript Draft: June 1, 2018
Date of Manuscript Submission: August 1, 2018" ["project_dissemination_plan"]=> string(218) "The expected audience for this work includes practicing general gastroenterologists and IBD sub-specialists. Potential journals for submission include Inflammatory Bowel Disease and the Journal of Crohn?s and Colitis." ["project_bibliography"]=> string(1334) "

1. Taleban S, Colombel JF, Mohler MJ, et al. Inflammatory Bowel Disease and the Elderly: A Review. J Crohns Colitis. 2015; 9(6):507-515.
2. Charpentier C, Salleron J, Savoye G, et al. Natural history of elderly-onset inflammatory bowel disease: a population-based cohort study. Gut. 2014; 63:423-432.
3. Ananthakrishnan AN, McGinley EL, Binion DG. Inflammatory Bowel Disease in the Elderly Is Associated With Worse Outcomes: A National Study of Hospitalizations. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2009; 15(2):182-189.
4. Cottone M, Kohn A, Daperno M, et al. Advanced Age Is an Independent Risk Factor for Severe Infections and Mortality in Patients Given Anti-Tumor Necrosis Factor Therapy for Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2011; 9(1):30-35.
5. Lobaton T, Ferrante M, Rutgeerts P, et al. Efficacy and safety of anti-TNF therapy in elderly patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2015; 42(4): 441-451.
6. Desai A, Zator ZA, de Silva P, et al. Older age is associated with higher rate of discontinuation of anti-TNF therapy in patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2013; 19(2):309-315
7. Katz S, Pardi DS. Inflammatory Bowel Disease of the Elderly: Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs). Am J Gastroenterol. 2011; 106(11): 1889-1897.

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2017-1856

General Information

How did you learn about the YODA Project?: Colleague

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Associated Trial(s):
  1. NCT00036439 - A Randomized, Placebo-controlled, Double-blind Trial to Evaluate the Safety and Efficacy of Infliximab in Patients With Active Ulcerative Colitis
  2. NCT00096655 - A Randomized, Placebo-controlled, Double-blind Trial to Evaluate the Safety and Efficacy of Infliximab in Patients With Active Ulcerative Colitis
  3. NCT00487539 - A Phase 2/3 Multicenter, Randomized, Placebo-controlled, Double blind Study to Evaluate the Safety and Efficacy of Golimumab Induction Therapy, Administered Subcutaneously, in Subjects with Moderately to Severely Active Ulcerative Colitis
  4. NCT00207662 - ACCENT I - A Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled Trial of Anti-TNFa Chimeric Monoclonal Antibody (Infliximab, Remicade) in the Long-term Treatment of Patients With Moderately to Severely Active Crohn's Disease
  5. NCT00207766 - ACCENT II - A Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled Trial of Anti-TNF Chimeric Monoclonal Antibody (Infliximab, Remicade) in the Long Term Treatment of Patients With Fistulizing CROHN'S Disease
  6. NCT00537316 - Efficacy & Safety of Infliximab Monotherapy Vs Combination Therapy Vs AZA Monotherapy in Ulcerative Colitis (Part 1) Maintenance Vs Intermittent Therapy for Maintaining Remission (Part 2)
  7. NCT01551290 - A Phase 3, Multicenter, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study Evaluating the Efficacy and Safety of Infliximab in Chinese Subjects With Active Ulcerative Colitis
  8. NCT01190839 - Prospective, Multicenter, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial Comparing REMICADE (Infliximab) and Placebo in the Prevention of Recurrence in Crohn's Disease Patients Undergoing Surgical Resection Who Are at Increased Risk of Recurrence
  9. NCT00269854 - A Placebo-Controlled, Dose-Ranging Study Followed by a Placebo-Controlled, Repeated-Dose Extension of Anti-TNF Chimeric Monoclonal Antibody (cA2) in the Treatment of Patients With Active Crohn's Disease
  10. NCT00771667 - A Phase 2b, Multicenter, Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled, Parallel Group Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of Ustekinumab Therapy in Subjects With Moderately to Severely Active Crohn's Disease Previously Treated With TNF Antagonist Therapy
  11. NCT01369329 - A Phase 3, Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled, Parallel-group, Multicenter Study to Evaluate the Safety and Efficacy of Ustekinumab Induction Therapy in Subjects With Moderately to Severely Active Crohn's Disease Who Have Failed or Are Intolerant to TNF Antagonist Therapy (UNITI-1)
  12. NCT01369342 - A Phase 3, Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled, Parallel-group, Multicenter Study to Evaluate the Safety and Efficacy of Ustekinumab Induction Therapy in Subjects With Moderately to Severely Active Crohn's Disease (UNITI-2)
  13. NCT00488631 - A Phase 3 Multicenter, Randomized, Placebo-controlled, Double-blind Study to Evaluate the Safety and Efficacy of Golimumab Maintenance Therapy, Administered Subcutaneously, in Subjects With Moderately to Severely Active Ulcerative Colitis
  14. NCT01369355 - A Phase 3, Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled, Parallel-group, Multicenter Study to Evaluate the Safety and Efficacy of Ustekinumab Maintenance Therapy in Subjects With Moderately to Severely Active Crohn's Disease
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Status: Published

Research Proposal

Project Title: Impact of Age on Safety and Efficacy of Biologic Therapy for Inflammatory Bowel Disease

Scientific Abstract: Background: The elderly represent a high risk group of patients with IBD. As such, efficacy and safety data of biologic therapy is needed. Objective: Define efficacy and safety of biologics in adults > 60 years. Study Design: Participants will be grouped by cases (adults > 60 years) and controls (adults < 60 years). The primary outcome evaluated will be absolute and relative clinical efficacy. Secondary endpoints will include absolute and relative clinical response, endoscopic healing, adverse events, antibody formation, and health-related quality of life. Clinical response will be defined as a decrease in CDAI by ? 100 in CD and Mayo score >2 with all sub-scores ? 1 in UC. Endoscopic healing will be assessed by the Mayo endoscopic sub-score for UC and gross endoscopic findings for CD. Health-related quality of life will be measured by the short form of the IBD Questionnaire (SIBD-Q) score. Participants: Adults > 60 years will be included as cases. All other participants (

Brief Project Background and Statement of Project Significance: It is estimated that 10 to 30% of patients with IBD are over the age of 60.(1) These patients represent an important group for further study in IBD because their management requires additional considerations. First, the disease presentation and course may be different across age groups. A population based cohort study of IBD in France, EPIMAD, investigated differences in the natural history of IBD by age.(2) Results of this study demonstrated that older patients with CD tended to present more often with rectal bleeding and anal fistulas whereas younger patients tended to present more often with diarrhea and abdominal pain. In addition, the disease distribution in CD was more often colonic and the behavior more often inflammatory in older adults. Finally, the rate of disease behavior progression over 15 years was relatively low (9%), which may suggest a more indolent course. Alternatively, older patients with UC tended to present less often with rectal bleeding and abdominal pain and their disease distribution was more commonly left sided with 16% having some level of disease progression. Next, with increasing age comes the potential for additional complications both independently and related to increasing co-morbidities and polypharmacy.(1) Older patients with IBD-related hospitalization had an independently higher mortality when compared to younger patients, regardless of concurrent co-morbidity (OR 3.91).(3) These results highlight the independently deleterious effect age can have in IBD. In addition, older patients may have increasing cardiovascular, pulmonary, or metabolic disease, which can add complexity to decision making. Finally, the existing literature on biologic use in the elderly is limited. A retrospective review of anti-TNF efficacy demonstrated similar rates of clinical remission among those older and those younger than 65.(4) Lobaton, et al also demonstrated equivalent anti-TNF efficacy over the long term but showed lower efficacy in the short term.(5) Alternatively, Ananthakrishnan et al found lower efficacy in older patients when compared to younger patients.(6) Interpretation of retrospective studies is difficult and maintenance anti-TNF therapy is still reported to be low in the elderly; 9% in CD and 1% in UC.(1) Furthermore, older patients have been demonstrated to be three times more likely to stop therapy, with 70% discontinuing therapy after just over two years.(6) Low rates of use may be related to hesitancy by prescribers to use immune suppressive drugs in this higher risk population. Such concerns are supported by a reported rate of infectious adverse events of 11% in the elderly on anti-TNF therapy.(4) Interpretation of primary clinical trial data may offer additional insight into clinical efficacy and safety. Unfortunately, published clinical trial data in the elderly is limited by the small absolute number of participants as well as the lower average age of participants.(7) In summary, there is a need for more data evaluating the efficacy and safety of biologic treatment in the elderly and composite clinical trial data may allow for more accurate reflections of efficacy and safety.

Specific Aims of the Project: 1) The primary aim of this study will be to compare absolute and relative clinical efficacy rates of biologic therapy across the strata of age (>60 yrs versus < 60 yrs). Absolute clinical efficacy will be assessed by the absolute difference in rates of clinical remission between older patients with any biologic therapy and placebo compared to younger patients with any biologic therapy and placebo. Relative efficacy will be assessed as the crude difference between older and younger patients on biologic therapy.
2) The secondary aim of this study will be to compare absolute and relative safety rates of biologic therapy across the strata of age (>60 yrs versus

Study Design:

What is the purpose of the analysis being proposed? Please select all that apply.: New research question to examine treatment effectiveness on secondary endpoints and/or within subgroup populations New research question to examine treatment safety

Software Used:

Data Source and Inclusion/Exclusion Criteria to be used to define the patient sample for your study: The database will be queried for all clinical trial data evaluating efficacy and safety of biologic therapy in CD or UC. Based on a preliminary evaluation of the data available on the website, we expect to procure data related to infliximab, golimumab, and ustekinumab use. Additional drugs of interest, should they become available in the interim, would include adalimumab, certolizumab, vedolizumab, mercaptopurine, azathioprine, and/or methotrexate. All patients included in the original clinical trial data will be included in this sub-analysis. No patients will be excluded.

Primary and Secondary Outcome Measure(s) and how they will be categorized/defined for your study: The main outcome measure evaluated will be clinical remission. Clinical remission will be defined as a CDAI score less than 150 for CD and a Mayo Score less than 2 for UC. Clinical remission will be measured as an absolute difference (older patients with any biologic therapy versus placebo compared to younger patients with any biologic therapy versus placebo) and relative difference (older patient on any biologic therapy versus younger patient on any biologic therapy). The secondary outcome measure will be safety. Safety outcomes of interest will include serious adverse events, infection related adverse events, and malignancy. Absolute safety rates will be assessed by the absolute difference in rates of events between older patients on any biologic therapy and placebo compared to younger patients on any biologic therapy and placebo. Relative safety rates will be assessed as the crude difference between older and younger patients on biologic therapy.

Main Predictor/Independent Variable and how it will be categorized/defined for your study: The main predictor variable will be age.
? Cases will be defined as adults greater than or equal to 60 years of age.
? Controls will be defined as adults less than 60 years of age.

Other Variables of Interest that will be used in your analysis and how they will be categorized/defined for your study: Additional variables of interest will include absolute and relative differences in clinical response, endoscopic healing, antibody formation, and health-related quality of life. Clinical response will be defined as a decrease in CDAI by greater than or equal to 100 in CD and a decrease in the Mayo score by 2 (with all subscores less than or equal to 1) in UC. Endoscopic activity will be defined as mucosal healing: a Mayo endoscopic subscore of 0 or 1 for UC and absence of ulcers in CD. Antibody formation will be assessed by trough drug level and detectable antibodies. Finally, health-related quality of life will be assessed with the SIBD-Q score.

Statistical Analysis Plan: Comparison of continuous variables will be performed by t tests or Mann-Whitney test, as appropriate. Comparison of categorical variables will be performed by Chi square tests or Fisher Exact tests, as appropriate. Random effects model with meta regression of potential confounders (type of biologic [anti-TNF versus IL-23], type of disease [CD versus UC], and presence or absence of concomitant immunosuppression) will be used to examine the effect of age on clinical efficacy and safety of biologic therapies in the management of IBD.

Narrative Summary: Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) encompasses two immune-mediated gastrointestinal tract diseases, Crohns Disease (CD) and Ulcerative Colitis (UC). Untreated disease can lead to chronic sequela of inflammation such as strictures, fistulas, dysplasia, and/or need for bowel resection. The incorporation of biologic therapy into practice has improved medical management of IBD. However, there is limited data on the efficacy and safety of these medications in high risk groups. This study proposes utilizing the repository of biologic trial data to evaluate the efficacy and safety of these medications in the elderly.

Project Timeline: Anticipated Project Start Date: August 1, 2017
Analysis Completion Date: March 31, 2018
Report of Results to YODA: May 31, 2018
Date of First Manuscript Draft: June 1, 2018
Date of Manuscript Submission: August 1, 2018

Dissemination Plan: The expected audience for this work includes practicing general gastroenterologists and IBD sub-specialists. Potential journals for submission include Inflammatory Bowel Disease and the Journal of Crohn?s and Colitis.

Bibliography:

1. Taleban S, Colombel JF, Mohler MJ, et al. Inflammatory Bowel Disease and the Elderly: A Review. J Crohns Colitis. 2015; 9(6):507-515.
2. Charpentier C, Salleron J, Savoye G, et al. Natural history of elderly-onset inflammatory bowel disease: a population-based cohort study. Gut. 2014; 63:423-432.
3. Ananthakrishnan AN, McGinley EL, Binion DG. Inflammatory Bowel Disease in the Elderly Is Associated With Worse Outcomes: A National Study of Hospitalizations. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2009; 15(2):182-189.
4. Cottone M, Kohn A, Daperno M, et al. Advanced Age Is an Independent Risk Factor for Severe Infections and Mortality in Patients Given Anti-Tumor Necrosis Factor Therapy for Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2011; 9(1):30-35.
5. Lobaton T, Ferrante M, Rutgeerts P, et al. Efficacy and safety of anti-TNF therapy in elderly patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2015; 42(4): 441-451.
6. Desai A, Zator ZA, de Silva P, et al. Older age is associated with higher rate of discontinuation of anti-TNF therapy in patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2013; 19(2):309-315
7. Katz S, Pardi DS. Inflammatory Bowel Disease of the Elderly: Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs). Am J Gastroenterol. 2011; 106(11): 1889-1897.