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string(1595) "Background: The metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a constellation of metabolic risk factors associated with the development of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, and is highly common in patients with psychosis. The MetS is also associated with a state of inflammation. Blood white blood cell (WBC) counts?even within the normal range?serve as a marker of inflammation. Psychosis is associated with increased inflammation, including increased total and differential WBC counts. The adverse metabolic effects of atypical antipsychotics, which increase MetS risk, may potentiate aberrant levels of blood inflammatory markers.
Objective: To perform meta-analyses of the relationship between inflammation and the MetS in patients with psychosis, including OPTICS Project data .
Study Design: This is a systematic review and meta-analysis of the association between total and differential WBC counts and prevalent MetS in psychosis.
Participants: Studies will be identified through two approaches. From the OPTICS Project, we have identified over 50 trials for potential inclusion in the meta-analysis. Second, we will systematically search Medline, PsycInfo, Web of Science, and ScienceDirect.
Main Outcome Measures: MetS (and its individual criteria).
Statistical Analysis: We will perform random-effects meta-analyses of the relationship between inflammation and 1) prevalent, and 2) incident MetS in patients with psychosis. We will also investigate the predictive value of inflammation for incident MetS, using receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) analysis."
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string(3205) "The metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a constellation of metabolic risk factors associated with the development of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease morbidity and mortality. MetS is highly common in patients with psychosis, with a prevalence of over 40% at the baseline visit of the Clinical Antipsychotic Trials of Intervention Effectiveness (CATIE) schizophrenia study. Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of mortality in patients with psychosis, with a >2-fold increased risk of death compared to the general population. Given the tremendous burdens of both MetS comorbidity and premature mortality in psychosis, a novel potential biomarker that may identify?prior to treatment?patients with psychosis at heightened risk for incident adverse cardiometabolic effects of antipsychotics is a compelling opportunity and a public health priority.
MetS is also associated with a state of low-grade inflammation. Blood white blood cell (WBC) counts and ratios?even within the normal range?serve as a marker of inflammation. Psychosis is associated with increased inflammation, including increased total and differential WBC counts and ratios, as well as the acute phase reactant C-reactive protein (CRP). In the CATIE schizophrenia study, WBC counts were significantly positively correlated with CRP levels. The adverse metabolic effects of atypical antipsychotics, which increase MetS risk, may also potentiate aberrant levels of blood inflammatory markers. Several large population-based samples found that total and differential WBC counts were associated with prevalent and incident MetS and its individual criteria. There is evidence for associations between inflammation and the MetS in psychosis, but compared to the general population, relatively less is known, especially whether baseline levels of WBCs predict incident metabolic adverse effects of antipsychotic treatment. An important limitation of previous studies of inflammation and the MetS in psychosis is the non-standardized antipsychotic treatment within and across individual studies.
A particular advantage of the OPTICS Project is the large number of patients with psychosis treated with either risperidone or its active metabolite paliperidone , which would permit subgroup analyses that minimize potential confounding effects of non-standardized antipsychotic treatment. In screening data from the YODA project, over 50 trials (19000 patients) with potentially relevant individual-level data were identified, including measurement of total and differential WBC counts for at least two time points, to study the association between inflammation and the MetS.
Given the burden of the metabolic syndrome (MetS) and premature cardiovascular disease mortality in psychosis, a novel potential biomarker that may identify?prior to treatment?patients at heightened risk for incident adverse cardiometabolic effects of antipsychotics is a compelling opportunity and a public health priority. We propose to investigate a marker that is that is widely available, routinely ordered, inexpensive, and easy to interpret, thereby representing a ?next-step? towards personalized medicine approaches for these patients."
["project_specific_aims"]=>
string(726) "Aim 1: To perform meta-analyses of the relationship between inflammation (white blood cell [WBC] and the metabolic syndrome (MetS) in patients with psychosis, including data from the OPTICS Project.
a. Test the hypothesis that in patients with psychosis, baseline total and differential WBC counts predict current MetS and its components
b. Test the hypothesis that in patients with psychosis, baseline total and differential white blood cell counts predict incident MetS and its components following antipsychotic treatment.
c. To investigate the predictive value of total and differential WBC counts for incident MetS, using receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) analysis (exploratory secondary aim)."
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string(1172) "This is a systematic review and meta-analysis of the association between total and differential WBC counts and prevalent MetS in psychosis. Studies will be identified through two approaches. From the OPTICS Project, we have identified 54 trials, for potential inclusion in the meta-analysis. Second, we will systematically search Medline, PsycInfo, Web of Science, and ScienceDirect from inception until the present, and the reference lists of identified studies (PLEASE NOTE WE HAVE YET NOT PERFORMED THIS SEARCH, SO CANNOT PROVIDE THE REQUESTED TRIAL IDs, ALTHOUGH WE WILL INCLUDE OUR OWN PUBLISHED DATA: PUBMED IDs 30407600, 30433271, AND 33285266.
For all studies (both OPTICS Project trials and those identified by the systematic review), the inclusion criteria will be studies with data on baseline total and or differential WBCs and prevalent MetS (or its individual criteria) in adults with psychosis (schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder). Exclusion criteria will be absence of data on: 1) WBCs, 2) MetS (or its individual criteria), and 3) fasting blood samples, which are needed for the triglyceride, HDL cholesterol, and glucose criteria for MetS."
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string(394) "The Main Outcome Measure is the MetS (and its individual criteria). We will apply the AHA/NHLBI criteria to determine the presence or absence of the MetS and its individual criteria for each subject at each time point. MetS is defined as meeting ?3 of the following 5 criteria: 1) waist circumference (WC) ?102 cm (males) or ?88 cm (females), 2) fasting triglycerides ?150 mg/dL, 3) fasting HDL"
["project_main_predictor_indep"]=>
string(92) "The Main Independent Variable will be total (and differential) WBC counts at study baseline."
["project_other_variables_interest"]=>
string(693) "Continuous variables that will be included in the analyses, as available, are age, sex (% male), body mass index (BMI), socioeconomic status (SES), duration of illness, psychopathology scores, and study quality scores (based on the sum of the presence or absence of thirteen factors [one point for each]: whether data are included on age, sex, race, BMI, SES, alcohol and other substance use, smoking, duration of illness, levels of psychopathology, family history, medications [antipsychotics, mood stabilizers, and antidepressants]).
Geographic region (by continent), race, alcohol use, smoking, family history, and medications will be modeled as categorical variables, as available."
["project_stat_analysis_plan"]=>
string(2298) "We will test for normality of total and differential WBC counts for each trial using a one-sample Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. Any marker that is non-normally distributed will be log-transformed prior to analyses. For each trial, binary logistic regression models will be used to evaluate total and differential WBCs as predictors of the MetS and its individual criteria (odds ratios [ORs] and 95% confidence intervals [95% CIs]), after controlling for the above-mentioned potential confounding/moderating factors. For each study identified in the systematic literature review, we will extract data on effect size (ORs and 95% CIs) for the association between total and/or differential WBCs as predictors of the MetS or its individual criteria. Two study team members will perform double data entry, and Dr. Miller will verify the results.
We will then perform a series of meta-analyses to estimate pooled effect size estimates (ORs and 95% CIs) for associations between total and differential WBCs and prevalent MetS (and its individual criteria) using the random effects method. Random effects methods are considered to be more representative of real-world data in comparison to the alternative fixed effect approach, and provide a more conservative estimate of the average weighted OR. The null hypothesis will be an OR=1.00 (i.e., no association between WBC counts and the MetS). In total, we will perform 24 separate primary meta-analyses (4 different WBC counts?total WBC, neutrophils, monocytes, and lymphocytes?for each of 6 different metabolic parameters: MetS and the five individual MetS criteria, as per our previous publications). We will also perform an a priori subgroup analysis for OPTICS Project trials only. In an exploratory secondary analysis, we will also perform meta-analyses of the neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), another marker of inflammation that is abnormal in psychosis and a proxy marker of systemic inflammation, and prevalent MetS.
The meta-analysis procedure also calculates a chi-2 value for the heterogeneity in effect size estimates, which is based on Cochran?s Q-statistic, and I2, the proportion of the variation in effect size attributable to between-study heterogeneity. Between-study heterogeneity chi-2 will be considered significant for p"
["project_timeline"]=>
string(653) "The study will begin in July 2021. For the Aims, we will apply for access to the OPTICS Project YODA trial bundle, and conduct a systematic search of the literature over the first 3 months of the study. We will then extract and enter data from all identified studies over the next 12 months, starting in October 2021, which will be completed by October 2022. Data analysis and draft manuscript preparation will follow thereafter, which will be submitted for publication (and with results reported back to the YODA Project) in July 2023. We will also update the YODA Project quarterly on the status of the project, coincident with NIMH progress reports."
["project_dissemination_plan"]=>
string(471) "The target audience is clinicians and researchers working with patients with psychosis treated with antipsychotics.
We aim to produce two study manuscripts, for the meta-analyses of total and differential WBC counts and: 1) prevalent, and 2) incident MetS.
Potentially suitable journals for the manuscripts are JAMA Psychiatry, the American Journal of Psychiatry, Schizophrenia Bulletin, Schizophrenia Research, NPJ Schizophrenia, and the Lancet Psychiatry."
["project_bibliography"]=>
string(8016) "1. National Institute of Mental Health Strategic Plan. Online. https://www.nimh.nih.gov/about/strategic-planning-reports/strategic-rese…
2. Wilcox MA, Savitz AJ, Addington AM, et al. The Open Translational Science in Schizophrenia (OPTICS) project: an open-science projectbringing together Janssen clinical trial and NIMH data. NPJ Schizophr 2019; 4: 14.
3. McEvoy JP, Meyer JM, Goff DC, et al. Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in patients with schizophrenia: baseline results from the Clinical Antipsychotic Trials of Intervention Effectiveness (CATIE) schizophrenia trial and comparison with national estimates from NHANES III. Schizophr Res 2005; 80: 19?32.
4. Mitchell AJ, Vancampfort D, Sweers K, et al. Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome and Metabolic Abnormalities in Schizophrenia and Related Disorders–A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Schizophr Bull 2013; 39: 306-318.
5. American Diabetes Association; American Psychiatric Association; American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists; North American Association for the Study of Obesity. Consensus development conference on antipsychotic drugs and obesity and diabetes. J Clin Psychiatry 2004; 65: 267-272.
6. Mitchell AJ, Delaffon V, Vancampfort D, et al. Guideline concordant monitoring of metabolic risk in people treated with antipsychotic medication: systematic review and meta-analysis of screening practices. Psychol Med 2012; 42: 125-147.
7. Brown S, Kim M, Mitchell C, et al. Twenty-five year mortality of a community cohort with schizophrenia. Br J Psychiatry 2010; 196: 116-121.
8. Mazza MG, Lucchi S, Rossetti A, Clerici M. Neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio, monocyte-lymphocyte ratio and platelet-lymphocyte ratio in non-affective psychosis: A meta-analysis and systematic review. World J Biol Psychiatry 2019; 26: 1-13.
9. Miller BJ, Culpepper N, Rapaport MH. C-reactive protein levels in schizophrenia: a review and meta-analysis. Clin Schizophr Relat Psychoses 2014; 7: 223-230.
10. Fadini GP, Marcuzzo G, Marescotti MC, et al. Elevated white blood cell count is associated with prevalence and development of the metabolic syndrome and its components in the general population. Acta Diabetol 2012; 49: 445-451.
11. Jung CH, Lee WY, Kim BY, et al. The risk of metabolic syndrome according to the white blood cell count in apparently healthy Korean adults. Yonsei Med J 2013; 54: 615-20.
12. Odagiri K, Uehara A, Mizuta I, et al. Longitudinal study on white blood cell count and the incidence of metabolic syndrome. Intern Med 2011; 50: 2491-2498.
13. Sung KC, Ryu S, Sung JW, et al. Inflammation in the Prediction of Type 2 Diabetes and Hypertension in Healthy Adults. Arch Med Res 2017; 48: 535-545.
14. Fan X, Liu EY, Freudenreich O, et al. Higher white blood cell counts are associated with an increased risk for metabolic syndrome and more severe psychopathology in non-diabetic patients with schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2010; 118: 211-217.
15. Miller BJ, Mellor A, Buckley P. Total and differential white blood cell counts, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, and the metabolic syndrome in non-affective psychoses. Brain Behavior and Immunity 2013; 31: 82-89.
16. Miller BJ, Kandhal P, Rapaport MH, et al. Total and differential white blood cell counts, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, and cardiovascular risk in non-affective psychoses. Brain Behavior and Immunity 2015; 45: 28-35.
17. Mori N, McEvoy JP, Miller BJ. Total and differential white blood cell counts, inflammatory markers, adipokines, and the metabolic syndrome in phase 1 of the clinical antipsychotic trials of intervention effectiveness study. Schizophrenia Research 2015; 169: 30-35.
18. Kelly C, McEvoy JP, Miller BJ. Total and Differential White Blood Cell Counts, Inflammatory Markers, Adipokines, and Incident Metabolic Syndrome in Phase 1 of the Clinical Antipsychotic Trials of Intervention Effectiveness Study. Schizophrenia Research 2019; 209: 193-197.
19. Buckley PF, Miller BJ. Personalized medicine for schizophrenia. NPJ Schizophrenia 2017; 3: 2.
20. O’Connor MF, Bower JE, Cho HJ, et al. To assess, to control, to exclude: effects of biobehavioral factors on circulating inflammatory markers. Brain Behav Immun 2009; 23: 887-897.
21. Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J, et al.; PRISMA Group. Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA Statement. Open Med 2009;3: e123-30.
22. Fawzi MH, Fawzi MM, Fawzi MM, et al. C-reactive protein serum level in drug-free male Egyptian patients with schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res 2011; 90: 91-97.
23. Carrizo E, Fernndez V, Quintero J, et al. Coagulation and inflammation markers during atypical or typical antipsychotic treatment in schizophrenia patients and drug-free first-degree relatives. Schizophr Res 2008; 103: 83-93.
24. Vuksan-Cusa B, Sagud M, Jakovljevi? M. C-reactive protein and metabolic syndrome in patients with bipolar disorder compared to patients with schizophrenia. Psychiatr. Danub 2010; 22: 275-277.
25. Klemettila,J-P, Kampman O, Seppala N, et al. Cytokine and adipokine alterations in patients with schizophrenia treated with clozapine. Psychiatry Research 2014; 218: 277-283.
26. Boyer L, Richieri R, Dassa D,et al. Association of metabolic syndrome and inflammation with neurocognition in patients with schizophrenia. Psychiatry Research 2013; 210: 381-386.
27. Oda E, Kawai R. Comparison between High-Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein (hs-CRP) and White Blood Cell Count (WBC) as an Inflammatory Component of Metabolic Syndrome in Japanese. Intern Med 2010; 49: 117-124.
28. Grundy SM, Cleeman JI, Daniels SR, et al. American Heart Association; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. Diagnosis and management of the metabolic syndrome: an American Heart Association/National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Scientific Statement. Circulation 2005; 112: 2735-2752.
29. Bozeman SR, Hoaglin DC, Burton TM, et al. Predicting waist circumference from body mass index. BMC Med Res Methodol 2012; 12: 115.
30. Chinedu SN, Ogunlana OO, Azuh DE, et al. Correlation between body mass index and waist circumference in nigerian adults: implication as indicators of health status. J Public Health Res 2013;2: e16.
31. Gierach M, Gierach J, Ewertowska M, et al. Correlation between Body Mass Index and Waist Circumference in Patients with Metabolic Syndrome. SRN Endocrinol 2014; 2014: 514589
32. Tran NTT, Blizzard CL, Luong KN, et al. The importance of waist circumference and body mass index in cross-sectional relationshipswith risk of cardiovascular disease in Vietnam. PLoS One 2018;13: e0198202.
33. DerSimonian R, Laird N. Meta-analysis in clinical trials. Control Clin Trials 1986; 7: 177-188.
34. Hunter JE, Schmidt FL. Fixed effect vs. random effects meta-analysis models: implications for cumulative research knowledge. Int J Select Assess 2000; 8: 275-292.
35. Karageorgiou V, Milas GP, Michopoulos I. Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio in schizophrenia: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Schizophr Res 2019; 206: 4-12.
36. Cochran WB. The comparison of percentages in matched samples. Biometrika 1950; 37: 256-266.
37. Song F, Sheldon TA, Sutton AJ, et al. Methods for exploring heterogeneity in meta-analysis. Eval Health Prof 2001; 24: 126-151.
38. Higgins JPT, Green S (eds). Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 5.1.0 [updated March 2011]. 9.7. Sensitivity analyses. The Cochrane Collaboration, 2011. Available from www.cochrane-handbook.org.
39. Sterne JAC, Egger M. Funnel plots for detecting bias in meta-analysis: Guidelines on choice of axis. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 2001; 54; 1046-1055.
40. Egger M, Davey Smith G, Schneider M, et al. Bias in meta-analysis detected by a simple, graphical test. British Medical Journal 1997; 315: 629-634.
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General Information
How did you learn about the YODA Project?:
Internet Search
Conflict of Interest
Request Clinical Trials
Associated Trial(s):
- NCT00645099 - A Prospective Randomized Open-label 6-Month Head-To-Head Trial to Compare Metabolic Effects of Paliperidone ER and Olanzapine in Subjects With Schizophrenia
- NCT01606228 - An Open-Label Prospective Trial to Explore the Tolerability, Safety and Efficacy of Flexibly-Dosed Paliperidone ER among Treatment-Naive and Newly Diagnosed Patients with Schizophrenia
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Individual Participant-Level Data, which includes Full CSR and all supporting documentation
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Status:
Concluded
Research Proposal
Project Title:
Inflammation and the Metabolic Syndrome in Psychosis
Scientific Abstract:
Background: The metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a constellation of metabolic risk factors associated with the development of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, and is highly common in patients with psychosis. The MetS is also associated with a state of inflammation. Blood white blood cell (WBC) counts?even within the normal range?serve as a marker of inflammation. Psychosis is associated with increased inflammation, including increased total and differential WBC counts. The adverse metabolic effects of atypical antipsychotics, which increase MetS risk, may potentiate aberrant levels of blood inflammatory markers.
Objective: To perform meta-analyses of the relationship between inflammation and the MetS in patients with psychosis, including OPTICS Project data .
Study Design: This is a systematic review and meta-analysis of the association between total and differential WBC counts and prevalent MetS in psychosis.
Participants: Studies will be identified through two approaches. From the OPTICS Project, we have identified over 50 trials for potential inclusion in the meta-analysis. Second, we will systematically search Medline, PsycInfo, Web of Science, and ScienceDirect.
Main Outcome Measures: MetS (and its individual criteria).
Statistical Analysis: We will perform random-effects meta-analyses of the relationship between inflammation and 1) prevalent, and 2) incident MetS in patients with psychosis. We will also investigate the predictive value of inflammation for incident MetS, using receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) analysis.
Brief Project Background and Statement of Project Significance:
The metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a constellation of metabolic risk factors associated with the development of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease morbidity and mortality. MetS is highly common in patients with psychosis, with a prevalence of over 40% at the baseline visit of the Clinical Antipsychotic Trials of Intervention Effectiveness (CATIE) schizophrenia study. Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of mortality in patients with psychosis, with a >2-fold increased risk of death compared to the general population. Given the tremendous burdens of both MetS comorbidity and premature mortality in psychosis, a novel potential biomarker that may identify?prior to treatment?patients with psychosis at heightened risk for incident adverse cardiometabolic effects of antipsychotics is a compelling opportunity and a public health priority.
MetS is also associated with a state of low-grade inflammation. Blood white blood cell (WBC) counts and ratios?even within the normal range?serve as a marker of inflammation. Psychosis is associated with increased inflammation, including increased total and differential WBC counts and ratios, as well as the acute phase reactant C-reactive protein (CRP). In the CATIE schizophrenia study, WBC counts were significantly positively correlated with CRP levels. The adverse metabolic effects of atypical antipsychotics, which increase MetS risk, may also potentiate aberrant levels of blood inflammatory markers. Several large population-based samples found that total and differential WBC counts were associated with prevalent and incident MetS and its individual criteria. There is evidence for associations between inflammation and the MetS in psychosis, but compared to the general population, relatively less is known, especially whether baseline levels of WBCs predict incident metabolic adverse effects of antipsychotic treatment. An important limitation of previous studies of inflammation and the MetS in psychosis is the non-standardized antipsychotic treatment within and across individual studies.
A particular advantage of the OPTICS Project is the large number of patients with psychosis treated with either risperidone or its active metabolite paliperidone , which would permit subgroup analyses that minimize potential confounding effects of non-standardized antipsychotic treatment. In screening data from the YODA project, over 50 trials (19000 patients) with potentially relevant individual-level data were identified, including measurement of total and differential WBC counts for at least two time points, to study the association between inflammation and the MetS.
Given the burden of the metabolic syndrome (MetS) and premature cardiovascular disease mortality in psychosis, a novel potential biomarker that may identify?prior to treatment?patients at heightened risk for incident adverse cardiometabolic effects of antipsychotics is a compelling opportunity and a public health priority. We propose to investigate a marker that is that is widely available, routinely ordered, inexpensive, and easy to interpret, thereby representing a ?next-step? towards personalized medicine approaches for these patients.
Specific Aims of the Project:
Aim 1: To perform meta-analyses of the relationship between inflammation (white blood cell [WBC] and the metabolic syndrome (MetS) in patients with psychosis, including data from the OPTICS Project.
a. Test the hypothesis that in patients with psychosis, baseline total and differential WBC counts predict current MetS and its components
b. Test the hypothesis that in patients with psychosis, baseline total and differential white blood cell counts predict incident MetS and its components following antipsychotic treatment.
c. To investigate the predictive value of total and differential WBC counts for incident MetS, using receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) analysis (exploratory secondary aim).
Study Design:
What is the purpose of the analysis being proposed? Please select all that apply.:
Software Used:
Data Source and Inclusion/Exclusion Criteria to be used to define the patient sample for your study:
This is a systematic review and meta-analysis of the association between total and differential WBC counts and prevalent MetS in psychosis. Studies will be identified through two approaches. From the OPTICS Project, we have identified 54 trials, for potential inclusion in the meta-analysis. Second, we will systematically search Medline, PsycInfo, Web of Science, and ScienceDirect from inception until the present, and the reference lists of identified studies (PLEASE NOTE WE HAVE YET NOT PERFORMED THIS SEARCH, SO CANNOT PROVIDE THE REQUESTED TRIAL IDs, ALTHOUGH WE WILL INCLUDE OUR OWN PUBLISHED DATA: PUBMED IDs 30407600, 30433271, AND 33285266.
For all studies (both OPTICS Project trials and those identified by the systematic review), the inclusion criteria will be studies with data on baseline total and or differential WBCs and prevalent MetS (or its individual criteria) in adults with psychosis (schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder). Exclusion criteria will be absence of data on: 1) WBCs, 2) MetS (or its individual criteria), and 3) fasting blood samples, which are needed for the triglyceride, HDL cholesterol, and glucose criteria for MetS.
Primary and Secondary Outcome Measure(s) and how they will be categorized/defined for your study:
The Main Outcome Measure is the MetS (and its individual criteria). We will apply the AHA/NHLBI criteria to determine the presence or absence of the MetS and its individual criteria for each subject at each time point. MetS is defined as meeting ?3 of the following 5 criteria: 1) waist circumference (WC) ?102 cm (males) or ?88 cm (females), 2) fasting triglycerides ?150 mg/dL, 3) fasting HDL
Main Predictor/Independent Variable and how it will be categorized/defined for your study:
The Main Independent Variable will be total (and differential) WBC counts at study baseline.
Other Variables of Interest that will be used in your analysis and how they will be categorized/defined for your study:
Continuous variables that will be included in the analyses, as available, are age, sex (% male), body mass index (BMI), socioeconomic status (SES), duration of illness, psychopathology scores, and study quality scores (based on the sum of the presence or absence of thirteen factors [one point for each]: whether data are included on age, sex, race, BMI, SES, alcohol and other substance use, smoking, duration of illness, levels of psychopathology, family history, medications [antipsychotics, mood stabilizers, and antidepressants]).
Geographic region (by continent), race, alcohol use, smoking, family history, and medications will be modeled as categorical variables, as available.
Statistical Analysis Plan:
We will test for normality of total and differential WBC counts for each trial using a one-sample Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. Any marker that is non-normally distributed will be log-transformed prior to analyses. For each trial, binary logistic regression models will be used to evaluate total and differential WBCs as predictors of the MetS and its individual criteria (odds ratios [ORs] and 95% confidence intervals [95% CIs]), after controlling for the above-mentioned potential confounding/moderating factors. For each study identified in the systematic literature review, we will extract data on effect size (ORs and 95% CIs) for the association between total and/or differential WBCs as predictors of the MetS or its individual criteria. Two study team members will perform double data entry, and Dr. Miller will verify the results.
We will then perform a series of meta-analyses to estimate pooled effect size estimates (ORs and 95% CIs) for associations between total and differential WBCs and prevalent MetS (and its individual criteria) using the random effects method. Random effects methods are considered to be more representative of real-world data in comparison to the alternative fixed effect approach, and provide a more conservative estimate of the average weighted OR. The null hypothesis will be an OR=1.00 (i.e., no association between WBC counts and the MetS). In total, we will perform 24 separate primary meta-analyses (4 different WBC counts?total WBC, neutrophils, monocytes, and lymphocytes?for each of 6 different metabolic parameters: MetS and the five individual MetS criteria, as per our previous publications). We will also perform an a priori subgroup analysis for OPTICS Project trials only. In an exploratory secondary analysis, we will also perform meta-analyses of the neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), another marker of inflammation that is abnormal in psychosis and a proxy marker of systemic inflammation, and prevalent MetS.
The meta-analysis procedure also calculates a chi-2 value for the heterogeneity in effect size estimates, which is based on Cochran?s Q-statistic, and I2, the proportion of the variation in effect size attributable to between-study heterogeneity. Between-study heterogeneity chi-2 will be considered significant for p
Narrative Summary:
The metabolic syndrome (MetS), which is associated with cardiovascular disease morbidity and mortality and a state of low-grade inflammation, is highly prevalent in patients with psychosis, but whether baseline levels of inflammatory markers predict incident metabolic adverse effects of antipsychotic treatment is unclear. In this project, we will perform meta-analyses of the association between inflammation and prevalent and incident metabolic syndrome in patients with psychosis. Results of the proposed study may identify a potential biomarker of patients with psychosis ata= heightened risk of adverse cardiometabolic effects of antipsychotics towards personalized medicine approaches.
Project Timeline:
The study will begin in July 2021. For the Aims, we will apply for access to the OPTICS Project YODA trial bundle, and conduct a systematic search of the literature over the first 3 months of the study. We will then extract and enter data from all identified studies over the next 12 months, starting in October 2021, which will be completed by October 2022. Data analysis and draft manuscript preparation will follow thereafter, which will be submitted for publication (and with results reported back to the YODA Project) in July 2023. We will also update the YODA Project quarterly on the status of the project, coincident with NIMH progress reports.
Dissemination Plan:
The target audience is clinicians and researchers working with patients with psychosis treated with antipsychotics.
We aim to produce two study manuscripts, for the meta-analyses of total and differential WBC counts and: 1) prevalent, and 2) incident MetS.
Potentially suitable journals for the manuscripts are JAMA Psychiatry, the American Journal of Psychiatry, Schizophrenia Bulletin, Schizophrenia Research, NPJ Schizophrenia, and the Lancet Psychiatry.
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