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["label"]=>
string(65) "External grants or funds are being used to support this research."
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["project_funding_source"]=>
string(69) "Marie Skłodowska-Curie Actions (MSCA); Grant agreement ID: 101209817"
["project_date_type"]=>
string(18) "full_crs_supp_docs"
["property_scientific_abstract"]=>
string(1727) "Background
Schizophrenia causes major clinical and societal burden, yet antipsychotic effect sizes remain modest. Efficacy is usually measured with PANSS or BPRS total scores, despite concerns about their psychometric validity and sensitivity. Advanced methods—confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), item response theory (IRT) and network analysis (NA)—may reduce measurement error and change estimated effects. These approaches have not been systematically applied to individual participant data (IPD) across trials.
Objective
To test whether advanced psychometric methods applied to PANSS/BPRS data change antipsychotic effect estimates, and whether effects differ across symptom domains or by sex.
Study Design
Secondary analysis of anonymized IPD from randomized Phase II–IV schizophrenia trials obtained via YODA and Vivli.
Participants
Adults (≥18) with schizophrenia, schizoaffective, or related psychotic disorders with baseline and endpoint PANSS or BPRS assessments.
Outcomes
Primary: standardized mean differences (SMDs) for PANSS total change and corresponding psychometric changes (CFA factor scores, IRT theta scores, NA netscores).
Secondary: PANSS Positive/Negative/Disorganization/General domains, BPRS total, domain-specific factor scores, response/remission rates, and psychometrically derived SMD differences.
Statistical Analysis
CFA, IRT and NA will define model structures and generate factor, theta and net scores. Mixed-effects IPD meta-analyses will estimate treatment effects for raw totals and psychometric outcomes, with moderator analyses for sex and other covariates."
["project_brief_bg"]=>
string(2986) "Mental health problems affect 1 in 6 people across the EU (~84 million individuals) and
account for 4% of EU GDP, underscoring the societal and economic urgency of effective interventions [1,2]. Schizophrenia, among the most severe psychiatric illnesses, affects ~1 in 300 and remains highly burdensome, with 70–90% unemployment and ~15 years reduced life expectancy [1,5]. Treatment nonresponse persists in ~20–30% of patients despite modern antipsychotics; sex differences in treatment response, stigma tied to ethnicity, and misperceptions about schizophrenia further hinder outcomes [3,4]. Meanwhile, trial effect sizes have not increased over time and remain moderate (SMD ≈ 0.47) [6,7].
Efficacy in schizophrenia trials is typically measured by PANSS (gold standard) and BPRS clinician-rated scales [8,9,10]. Yet, their psychometric properties and capacity to detect treatment effects remain debated [10–12]. Advanced psychometric/statistical methods – FA, IRT, and NA - can reduce measurement error (e.g., by removing non-performing items, or relying on psychometrically-derived scores) and may increase detectable effects [13–15]. A recent line of work suggests 10–15% larger effects when such methods are applied in depression [13,15,20], but no comprehensive multi-method application has yet been undertaken across schizophrenia trials [21].
EVIDENTIAL will combine IPD from schizophrenia trials and apply FA/IRT/NA to provide psychometrically-derived outcomes scores, then re-estimate treatment effects. We will:
• Establish best-fitting psychometric structures for PANSS/BPRS across trials
• Compare original vs. psychometrically-derived outcomes in IPD meta-analyses
• Explore sex (and where available/feasible, drug class/dose/region/ethnicity/diagnosis) as moderators/invariance factors
Going beyond the state-of-the-art & ambition
In treatment of schizophrenia, developments in psychosocial and pharmacological interventions are mainly based on the assumptions regarding the structure of symptoms, which are assessed by questionnaires, and assumed to be a total score for trial analysis [16].
• PANSS/BPRS psychometrics have been examined for factor structures [17,18]; recent LVM/NA applications yield mixed/contradictory findings and often lack sufficiently large, high-quality datasets [12,19].
• IPD across multiple RCTs addresses power and quality gaps; antidepressant IPD shows 10–15% effect increases after psychometric optimization [13, 20].
• Novelty in schizophrenia: No integrated FA/IRT/NA application across interventional schizophrenia IPD to date [21].
• Ambition: Apply multi-method psychometrics at scale; explicitly model sex and, where available/feasible, drug class/dose/region/ethnicity/disease type - to inform measurement-invariant outcomes and clinical applicability for future trials.
"
["project_specific_aims"]=>
string(1680) "Aim
Determine whether applying state-of-the-art psychometric analyses to IPD from randomized trials of antipsychotics in Schizophrenia/Schizoaffective disorder/Psychotic disorders yields quantitatively or qualitatively important differences relative to the original trial results. A priori, we will consider differences important if psychometrically informed analyses produce (i) a ≥10% relative change in the estimated treatment effect and/or an absolute change in Cohen’s d (SMD) of ≥0.10, and/or (ii) a qualitative change in inference, including a change in effect direction, statistical conclusion, or whether effects meet established clinical change benchmarks for PANSS/BPRS.
Objectives
1. Determine the optimum psychometric models (FA, IRT and NA) for PANSS/BPRS in randomized trials (e.g., domain structures and item functioning by method)
2. Ascertain whether applying these methods moderates the efficacy if schizophrenia treatment studies, in terms of increasing or decreasing effect sizes
3. Explore whether psychometric approaches reveal clinically meaningful qualitative differences, e.g. across symptom domains or sex (measurement invariance; domain-specific response)
Hypotheses
1. The optimum psychometric models for PANSS/BPRS will differ from the original total scoring conventions, and each other.
2. Psychometric analysis will lead to an altered antipsychotic treatment efficacy estimate due to the change in error measurement versus conventional total/subscale scores.
3. Psychometric analysis will identify qualitatively different models by important subgroup (e.g. sex)."
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["project_purposes"]=>
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["label"]=>
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["label"]=>
string(69) "Meta-analysis using data from the YODA Project and other data sources"
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string(37) "develop_or_refine_statistical_methods"
["label"]=>
string(37) "Develop or refine statistical methods"
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["project_purposes_exp"]=>
string(60) "optimizing psychometric approaches in Schizophrenia research"
["project_research_methods"]=>
string(431) "Beside YODA, we will also use Vivli (https://search.vivli.org/) as data source.
Inclusion
• Phase II–IV,
• RCTs
• adult Schizophrenia, Schizoaffective Disorders, Psychotic Disorders
• PANSS/BPRS at baseline and endpoint; item-level IPD preferred
Exclusion
• Phase I/PK-only
• Pediatric
• trials lacking standardized PANSS/BPRS.
"
["project_main_outcome_measure"]=>
string(1619) "Primary Outcome Measures
1. Psychometrically-derived latent symptom domain scores
• Using CFA, IRT, and NA, psychometrically-derived models of schizophrenia symptoms will be generated separately for baseline and outcome (endpoint) timepoints.
• These models will produce scores representing key latent symptom domains (e.g., positive symptoms, negative symptoms, disorganization/general psychopathology, and affective symptom domains).
• These latent scores constitute the primary psychometric outcomes.
2. Psychometrically-derived difference outcome
• The difference between SMDs based on raw change scores and SMDs based on psychometrically-derived change scores will be reported, reflecting the degree to which advanced psychometric modelling alters estimated treatment effects.
Secondary Outcome Measures
1. SMDs for raw (original) total score change
• SMDs calculated using conventional PANSS or BPRS total score (baseline to endpoint).
2. SMDs for psychometrically-derived change scores
• The primary meta-analytic outcome will be the SMD representing change in the psychometrically-derived latent symptom scores from baseline to endpoint across intervention and control groups.
3. Remission-related outcomes
• Remission rates and absolute risk reduction (ARR) will be calculated using
(a) conventional remission definitions based on PANSS or BPRS total score thresholds, and
(b) corresponding thresholds based on psychometrically-derived scores.
"
["project_main_predictor_indep"]=>
string(1874) "The independent variable in this study is the type of psychometric model applied to the PANSS and BPRS data. Several advanced modelling frameworks will be implemented, including:
• Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) to estimate predefined (weighted) latent symptom domains
• (Multidimensional) Item Response Theory ([M]-IRT) to model item-level properties and derive weighted latent scores that account for differential item functioning and non-linear item difficulty
• Network Analysis (NA) to capture symptom interdependencies, generating (weighted) network-derived scores based on centrality and connectivity patterns.
Each of these modelling approaches will produce a distinct psychometrically-derived scoring solution, which will be computed separately for both baseline and endpoint data. For each instrument (PANSS and BPRS), the resulting scores will represent refined latent symptom estimates that potentially more accurately reflect underlying psychopathological dimensions (e.g., positive, negative, disorganization/general, affective).
These psychometrically-derived scores will function as alternative, model-informed outcome measures, which will be directly compared with conventional raw total scores used in the original clinical trials. Change from baseline to endpoint will be calculated for both score types and expressed as SMDs.
This procedure mirrors established methods for evaluating the impact of psychometric refinement: SMDs derived from raw totals will be compared to SMDs derived from latent/model-based scores. This comparison will determine whether advanced modelling techniques meaningfully alter the magnitude or interpretation of treatment effects, thereby testing the extent to which psychometric sophistication influences clinical outcome estimation.
"
["project_other_variables_interest"]=>
string(526) "Demographics:
• Age
• Sex: Male, Female, Other / not specified
• Ethnicity
Study-level:
• country/region (Europe, North America, other)
• phase (II - IV)
• endpoint week (e.g., baseline, week 4, 6, 8 etc.)
• inpatient/outpatient (if available)
Clinical:
• baseline/follow-up PANSS/BPRS totals and item profiles
• Drug class/type/dose
• concomitant meds (if available)
• type of diagnosis
"
["project_stat_analysis_plan"]=>
string(2520) "Data management:
• Assign each study a unique ID; maintain arm and visit mappings.
• Build two harmonized item-level datasets: PANSS and BPRS (baseline & endpoint), retaining essential covariates (age, sex, arm, dose, country/region, diagnosis).
• Conduct complete-case analyses primarily; apply FIML within CFA/IRT or multiple imputation (sensitivity) where appropriate.
Psychometric modelling:
• Dimensionality: parallel analysis will be applied to PANSS and BPRS
o EFA – CFA
o IRT; consider Mokken when ambiguous
o NA
• Fit: AIC/BIC, RMSEA/SRMR 0.95 (as feasible for scale length/distribution). Distribution checks (e.g., Henze–Zirkler) to pick robust estimators
• Measurement invariance (sex), differential item functioning (loadings/thresholds/R²/intercepts)
• Factor scores: CFA (e.g., lavPredict), MIRT (expected.test; unstandardize as needed)
• symptoms with particular nodes of centrality will be assessed within NA
Modelling change and calculating effect sizes
Primary (continuous) analyses:
• IPD mixed-effects models predicting endpoint scores with arm as predictor and baseline as covariate; random intercepts for study (and arm).
o Model 1: raw total/subscale outcomes (e.g., PANSS total).
o Model 2: psychometric factor-score outcomes (e.g., PANSS latent domains).
o Model 3/4: Models 1/2 + covariates (e.g. sex)
• Transform estimates to Cohen’s d (SMD) for comparability.
• Per-trial effect sizes computed similarly; combine via random-effects meta-analysis.
• Effect of interest per trial: SMD(factor) − SMD(raw); pool with random-effects meta-analysis.
• If possible, meta-regression for potential moderators (sex; and where available/feasible, drug class/dose/region/ethnicity/diagnosis).
Secondary (binary) analyses - Remission:
• Define remission using standard PANSS/BPRS thresholds; derive psychometric analogs using proportional thresholds of factor-score maxima.
• Mixed-effects logistic models (IPD) for remission (raw vs. psychometrically-derived), with and without covariates; compute absolute risk differences.
• Per-trial remission differences pooled via random-effects meta-analysis; potential moderators as above.
Reproducible analysis scripts; open-science sharing where allowed.
"
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["project_timeline"]=>
string(500) "Project Start Date: 01. January 2026
Data Access and Harmonization Initiated: January/February 2026
Protocol Drafted and First Submitted: March 2026
Psychometric Modelling Phase: March - June 2026
Meta-analytic Modelling and Sensitivity Analyses: July - September 2026
Manuscript Drafted and First Submitted: October 2026
Results Reported Back to the YODA Project: December 2026
Optional Extension Period (if required): January - December 2027
"
["project_dissemination_plan"]=>
string(1545) "Four publications are planned to disseminate the findings from the EVIDENTIAL project, alongside one open-access study protocol describing the aims, hypotheses, and methods in detail. Working titles and target journals are listed below.
1. A protocol for evaluating psychometric and meta-analytic approaches in schizophrenia clinical trials using PANSS and BPRS outcome measures.
Target Journal: BMC Psychiatry / BJPsych Open or European Psychiatry.
2. Psychometric evaluation of PANSS and BPRS structures across randomized clinical trials: comparing factor analysis, item response theory and network models pre- and post-treatment.
Target Journal: Schizophrenia Bulletin / Psychological Medicine or European Psychiatry.
3. Comparing total-score versus psychometrically refined outcomes in antipsychotic trials: An individual participant data meta-analysis.
Target Journal: The Lancet Psychiatry / Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology or European Psychiatry.
4. Applying modern psychometric modelling to improve treatment effect estimation in schizophrenia clinical trials. (This will potentially be split into two papers for PANSS / BPRS each)
Target Journal: Journal of Psychiatric Research / Journal of Clinical Epidemiology or European Psychiatry.
We will also present project results at international conferences to reach both clinical and methodological audiences – these presentations will mirror the planned journal outputs above."
["project_bibliography"]=>
string(7275) "
- OECD/EU (2018). Health at a Glance: Europe 2018: State of Health in the EU Cycle. Paris: OECD Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1787/health_glance_eur-2018-en
- European Commission (2023). Communication on a comprehensive approach to mental health (COM/2023/298 final). Brussels: European Commission. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=celex%3A52023DC0298&utm
- Abel, K. M., Drake, R., & Goldstein, J. M. (2010). Sex differences in schizophrenia. International Review of Psychiatry, 22(5), 417–428. https://doi.org/10.3109/09540261.2010.515205
- Schwartz, R. C., & Blankenship, D. M. (2014). Racial disparities in psychotic disorder diagnosis: A review of empirical literature. World Journal of Psychiatry, 4(4), 133–140. https://doi.org/10.5498/wjp.v4.i4.133
- Jauhar, S., Johnstone, M., & McKenna, P. J. (2022). Schizophrenia. The Lancet, 399(10323), 473–486. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(21)01730-X
- The Lancet (Editorial) (2024). Time for renewed optimism for schizophrenia? The Lancet, 403(10422), 117. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(24)00047-3
- Leucht, S., Leucht, C., Huhn, M., et al. (2017). Sixty years of placebo-controlled antipsychotic drug trials in acute schizophrenia: Systematic review, Bayesian meta-analysis, and meta-regression of efficacy predictors. American Journal of Psychiatry, 174(10), 927–942. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2017.16121358
- Kay, S. R., Fiszbein, A., & Opler, L. A. (1987). The Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) for schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 13(2), 261–276. https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/13.2.261
- Overall, J. E., & Gorham, D. R. (1962). The Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale. Psychological Reports, 10(3), 799–812. https://doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1962.10.3.799
- European Medicines Agency (EMA) (2012/2013). Guideline on clinical investigation of medicinal products, including depot preparations, in the treatment of schizophrenia – Revision 1 (EMA/CHMP/40072/2010 Rev.1). Legal effective date 01/04/2013. https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/documents/scientific-guideline/guideline-clinical-investigation-medicinal-products-including-depot-preparations-treatment-schizophrenia-revision-1_en.pdf
- Baandrup, L., Lublin, H., Glenthøj, B. Y., et al. (2022). Scalability of the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale in first-episode schizophrenia assessed by Rasch models. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 146(1), 21–35. https://doi.org/10.1111/acps.13434
- Siafis, S., Samara, M., Bighelli, I., et al. (2024). Relapse in clinically stable adult patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder: Scale-derived criteria and evidence-based thresholds. The Lancet Psychiatry, 11(1), 36–46. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(23)00364-4
- Byrne, D., Boland, F., Brannick, et al. (2025). Applying advanced psychometric approaches yields differential randomized trial effect sizes: secondary analysis of individual participant data from antidepressant studies using the Hamilton rating scale for depression. Journal of clinical epidemiology, 183, 111762. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclinepi.2025.111762
- Msghina, M., et al. (2024). Prioritised research questions in serious mental illness: A priority setting based on evidence gaps. BMJ Mental Health, 27(1), e301082. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjment-2024-301082
- Doyle, F., Byrne, D., Carney, R. M., et al. (2023). The effects of advanced factor analysis approaches on outcomes in randomised trials for depression: Protocol for secondary analysis of individual participant data. BJPsych Open, 9(5), e157. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjo.2023.544
- Messinger, J. W., Trémeau, F., Antonius, D., et al. (2011). Avolition and expressive deficits capture negative symptom phenomenology: Implications for DSM-5 and schizophrenia research. Clinical Psychology Review, 31(1), 161–168. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2010.09.002
- Shafer, A., & Dazzi, F. (2019). Meta-analysis of the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) factor structure. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 115, 113–120. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2019.05.008
- Shafer, A. (2005). Meta-analysis of the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale factor structure. Psychological Assessment, 17(3), 324–335. https://doi.org/10.1037/1040-3590.17.3.324
- Abplanalp, S. J., Braff, D. L., Light, G. A., et al. (2022). Understanding connections and boundaries between positive symptoms, negative symptoms, and role functioning among individuals with schizophrenia: A network psychometric approach. JAMA Psychiatry, 79(10), 1014–1022. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2022.2386
- Byrne, D., Doyle, F., et al. (2024). The effects of advanced psychometric approaches on trial effect sizes: Secondary analysis of individual participant data (depression). Psychiatry Research, 339, 116057. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2024.116057
- Abplanalp, S. J., & Green, M. F. (2022). Symptom structure in schizophrenia: Implications of latent variable modeling vs network analysis. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 48(3), 538–543. https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbac020
- Aleman, A., Kahn, R. S., & Selten, J.-P. (2003). Sex differences in the risk of schizophrenia: Evidence from meta-analysis. Archives of General Psychiatry, 60(6), 565–571. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.60.6.565
- Saraceno, B., Levav, I., & Kohn, R. (2005). The public health aspects of schizophrenia and related disorders. World Psychiatry, 4(3), 181–185. PMC1414773.
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General Information
How did you learn about the YODA Project?:
Scientific Publication
Conflict of Interest
Request Clinical Trials
Associated Trial(s):
- NCT03345342 - A Double-blind, Randomized, Active-controlled, Parallel-group Study of Paliperidone Palmitate 6-Month Formulation
- NCT00668837 - Open Label Extension to R076477-SCH-305 to Evaluate the Safety and Tolerability of Paliperidone ER in Subjects With Schizophrenia
- NCT02713282 - A 52-Week, Open-Label, Prospective, Multicenter, International Study of a Transition to the Paliperidone Palmitate 3-Month Formulation In Patients With Schizophrenia Previously Stabilized on the Paliperidone Palmitate 1-Month Formulation
- NCT01515423 - A Randomized, Multicenter, Double-Blind, Non-inferiority Study of Paliperidone Palmitate 3 Month and 1 Month Formulations for the Treatment of Subjects With Schizophrenia
- NCT00566631 - Tolerability, Safety and Treatment Response of Flexible Doses of Paliperidone ER in Acutely Exacerbated Subjects With Schizophrenia
- NCT00460512 - An Open-label Prospective Trial to Explore the Tolerability, Safety and Efficacy of Flexibly Dosed Paliperidone ER in Subjects With Schizophrenia
- NCT00034775 - Open-Label Trial Exploring A Switching Regimen From Oral Neuroleptics, Other Than Risperidone, To Risperidone Depot Microspheres
- Open-label Study Exploring a Switching Regimen From Depot Neuroleptics to Risperidone Depot Microspheres
- NCT00299702 - A 2-year, Prospective, Blinded-rater, Open-label, Active-controlled, Multicenter, Randomized Study of Long-term Efficacy and Effectiveness Comparing Risperdal® Consta® and Abilify® (Aripiprazole) in Adults With Schizophrenia
- NCT00297388 - A 52-wk Prospective, Randomized, Double-blind, Multicenter Study of Relapse Following Transition From Oral Antipsychotic Medication to 2 Different Doses (25 or 50 mg Every 2 Wks) of Risperidone Long-acting Microspheres (RISPERDAL CONSTA) in Adults With Schizophrenia or Schizoaffective Disorder
- NCT00236587 - An Open Label, Long Term Trial of Risperidone Long Acting Microspheres in the Treatment of Patients Diagnosed With Schizophrenia
- NCT00236457 - Randomized, Multi-center, Open Label Trial Comparing Risperidone Depot (Microspheres) and Olanzapine Tablets in Patients With Schizophrenia or Schizoaffective Disorder
- NCT00495118 - Risperidone Depot (Microspheres) in the Treatment of Subjects With Schizophrenia or Schizoaffective Disorder - an Open-label Follow-up Trial of RIS-INT-62 and RIS-INT-85
- NCT01050582 - Evaluation of Growth, Sexual Maturation, and Prolactin-Related Adverse Events in the Pediatric Population Exposed to Atypical Antipsychotic Drugs
- NCT00236379 - A Six-month, Double-blind, Randomized, International, Multicenter Trial to Evaluate the Glucoregulatory Effects of Risperidone and Olanzapine in Subjects With Schizophrenia or Schizoaffective Disorder
- NCT00216632 - Treatment Success in Patients Requiring Treatment Change From Olanzapine to Risperidone Long Acting Injectable (TRESOR)
- NCT00369239 - Is Premorbid Functioning a Predictor of Outcome in Patients With Early Onset Psychosis Treated With Risperdal Consta?
- NCT00216671 - Early Versus Late Initiation of Treatment With Risperdal Consta in Subjects With Schizophrenia After an Acute Episode
- NCT01258920 - A Long-Term, Open-Label Study of Flexibly Dosed Paliperidone Palmitate Long-Acting Intramuscular Injection in Japanese Patients With Schizophrenia
- NCT01299389 - A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Parallel-Group, Fixed-Dose, Multicenter Study of JNS010 (Paliperidone Palmitate) in Patients With Schizophrenia
- NCT01527305 - An Open-Label, Prospective, Non-Comparative Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of Paliperidone Palmitate in Subjects With Acute Schizophrenia
- NCT01051531 - Safety, Tolerability, and Treatment Response of Paliperidone Palmitate in Subjects With Schizophrenia When Switching From Oral Antipsychotics
- NCT01281527 - A 6-month, Open Label, Prospective, Multicenter, International, Exploratory Study of a Transition to Flexibly Dosed Paliperidone Palmitate in Patients With Schizophrenia Previously Unsuccessfully Treated With Oral or Long-acting Injectable Antipsychotics
- NCT01081769 - A 24-month, Prospective, Randomized, Active-Controlled, Open-Label, Rater-Blinded, Multicenter, International Study of the Prevention of Relapse Comparing Long-Acting Injectable Paliperidone Palmitate to Treatment as Usual With Oral Antipsychotic Monotherapy in Adults With Schizophrenia
- NCT00249223 - Risperidone Depot (Microspheres) vs. Risperidone Tablets - a Non-inferiority, Efficacy Trial in Subjects With Schizophrenia
- NCT00645307 - A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Parallel-Group Study With an Open-Label Extension Evaluating Extended Release OROS® Paliperidone in the Prevention of Recurrence in Subjects With Schizophrenia - Open Label Phase
- NCT00105326 - A Double-blind, Placebo-controlled, Randomized Study Evaluating the Effect of Paliperidone ER Compared With Placebo on Sleep Architecture in Subjects With Schizophrenia
- NCT01662310 - Paliperidone Extended Release Tablets for the Prevention of Relapse in Subjects With Schizophrenia: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Parallel-Group Study
- NCT01529515 - A Randomized, Multicenter, Double-Blind, Relapse Prevention Study of Paliperidone Palmitate 3 Month Formulation for the Treatment of Subjects With Schizophrenia
- The safety and efficacy of risperidone 8 mg qd and 4 mg qd compared to placebo in the treatment of schizophrenia
- NCT00253136 - Risperidone Depot (Microspheres) vs. Placebo in the Treatment of Subjects With Schizophrenia
- Risperidone versus haloperidol versus placebo in the treatment of schizophrenia
- NCT00088075 - A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Study of the Efficacy and Safety of Risperidone for the Treatment of Schizophrenia in Adolescents
- NCT00085748 - A Randomized, 6-Week Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study With an Optional 24-Week Open-Label Extension to Evaluate the Safety and Tolerability of Flexible Doses of Paliperidone Extended Release in the Treatment of Geriatric Patients With Schizophrenia
- NCT00078039 - Trial Evaluating Three Fixed Dosages of Paliperidone Extended-Release (ER) Tablets and Olanzapine in the Treatment of Patients With Schizophrenia
- NCT00074477 - A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of 50 and 100 Mg-eq of Paliperidone Palmitate in Patients With Schizophrenia
- NCT00083668 - A Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo- and Active-controlled, Parallel-group, Dose-response Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of 3 Fixed Dosages of Paliperidone Extended Release (ER) Tablets and Olanzapine, With Open-label Extension, in the Treatment of Patients With Schizophrenia
- NCT00077714 - A Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo- and Active-controlled, Parallel-group, Dose-response Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of 2 Fixed Dosages of Paliperidone Extended Release Tablets and Olanzapine, With Open-label Extension, in the Treatment of Patients With Schizophrenia
- NCT00752427 - 24 week extension of NCT00085748: A Randomized, 6-Week Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study With an Optional 24-Week Open-Label Extension to Evaluate the Safety and Tolerability of Flexible Doses of Paliperidone Extended Release in the Treatment of Geriatric Patients With Schizophrenia
- NCT00378092 - A Prospective Study of the Clinical Outcome Following Treatment Discontinuation After Remission in First-Episode Schizophrenia
- NCT00216476 - CONSTATRE: Risperdal® Consta® Trial of Relapse Prevention and Effectiveness
- NCT00249132 - A Canadian multicenter placebo-controlled study of fixed doses of risperidone and haloperidol in the treatment of chronic schizophrenic patients
- NCT00397033 - A Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled, Parallel-group Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of Two Dosages of Paliperidone ER in the Treatment of Patients With Schizoaffective Disorder
- NCT00034749 - The Efficacy and Safety of Risperidone in Adolescents With Schizophrenia: a Comparison of Two Dose Ranges of Risperidone
- NCT00101634 - A Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled, Parallel-group, Dose-response Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of 3 Fixed Doses (25 mg eq, 50 mg eq, and 100 mg eq) of Paliperidone Palmitate in Patients With Schizophrenia
- NCT00210548 - A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Parallel-Group, Dose-Response Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of 3 Fixed Doses (50 mg eq., 100 mg eq., and 150 mg eq.) of Paliperidone Palmitate in Subjects With Schizophrenia
- NCT00119756 - A Randomized, Crossover Study to Evaluate the Overall Safety and Tolerability of Paliperidone Palmitate Injected in the Deltoid or Gluteus Muscle in Patients With Schizophrenia
- NCT00210717 - A Randomized, Double-Blind, Parallel Group, Comparative Study of Flexibly Dosed Paliperidone Palmitate (25, 50, 75, or 100 mg eq.) Administered Every 4 Weeks and Flexibly Dosed RISPERDAL CONSTA (25, 37.5, or 50 mg) Administered Every 2 Weeks in Subjects With Schizophrenia
- NCT00111189 - A Randomized Double-blind Placebo-controlled Parallel Group Study Evaluating Paliperidone Palmitate in the Prevention of Recurrence in Patients With Schizophrenia. Placebo Consists of 20% Intralipid (200 mg/mL) Injectable Emulsion
- NCT00590577 - A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Parallel-Group, Dose Response Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of 3 Fixed Doses (25 mg eq., 100 mg eq., and 150 mg eq.) of Paliperidone Palmitate in Subjects With Schizophrenia
- NCT00604279 - A Randomized, Open-Label, Parallel Group Comparative Study of Paliperidone Palmitate (50, 100, 150 mg eq) and Risperidone LAI (25, 37.5, or 50 mg) in Subjects with Schizophrenia
- NCT00589914 - A Randomized, Double-Blind, Parallel-Group, Comparative Study of Flexible Doses of Paliperidone Palmitate and Flexible Doses of Risperidone Long-Acting Intramuscular Injection in Subjects With Schizophrenia
- NCT00650793 - A Randomized, DB, PC and AC, Parallel Group, Dose-Response Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of 3 Fixed Dosages of Extended Release OROS Paliperidone (6, 9, 12 mg/Day) and Olanzapine (10 mg/Day), With Open-Label Extension, in the Treatment of Subjects With Schizophrenia - Open Label Phase
- NCT00086320 - A Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled, Parallel-group Study With an Open-label Extension Evaluating Paliperidone Extended Release Tablets in the Prevention of Recurrence in Subjects With Schizophrenia
- NCT00334126 - A Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled, Parallel Group Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of Paliperidone ER Compared to Quetiapine in Subjects With an Acute Exacerbation of Schizophrenia
- NCT00518323 - A Randomized, Multicenter, Double-Blind, Weight-Based, Fixed-Dose, Parallel-Group, Placebo-Controlled Study of the Efficacy and Safety of Extended Release Paliperidone for the Treatment of Schizophrenia in Adolescent Subjects, 12 to 17 Years of Age
- NCT00645099 - A Prospective Randomized Open-label 6-Month Head-To-Head Trial to Compare Metabolic Effects of Paliperidone ER and Olanzapine in Subjects With Schizophrenia
- NCT01009047 - A Randomized, Multicenter, Double-Blind, Active-Controlled, Flexible-Dose, Parallel-Group Study of the Efficacy and Safety of Prolonged Release Paliperidone for the Treatment of Symptoms of Schizophrenia in Adolescent Subjects, 12 to 17 Years of Age
- NCT01193153 - A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Parellel-Group Study of Paliperidone Palmitate Evaluating Time to Relapse in Subjects With Schizoaffective Disorder
- NCT00216580 - An Open-label Trial of Risperidone Long-acting Injectable in the Treatment of Subjects With Recent Onset Psychosis
- Risperidone versus haloperidol in the treatment of chronic psychotic patients: a multicentre, double-blind study
- NCT00412373 - A Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled, Parallel- Group Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of Flexible-dose Paliperidone ER in the Treatment of Patients With Schizoaffective Disorder
What type of data are you looking for?:
Individual Participant-Level Data, which includes Full CSR and all supporting documentation
Request Clinical Trials
Data Request Status
Status:
Ongoing
Research Proposal
Project Title:
rEVealIng Drug Effects when applyiNg psychomeTrics In schizophreniA triaLs (EVIDENTIAL)
Scientific Abstract:
Background
Schizophrenia causes major clinical and societal burden, yet antipsychotic effect sizes remain modest. Efficacy is usually measured with PANSS or BPRS total scores, despite concerns about their psychometric validity and sensitivity. Advanced methods--confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), item response theory (IRT) and network analysis (NA)--may reduce measurement error and change estimated effects. These approaches have not been systematically applied to individual participant data (IPD) across trials.
Objective
To test whether advanced psychometric methods applied to PANSS/BPRS data change antipsychotic effect estimates, and whether effects differ across symptom domains or by sex.
Study Design
Secondary analysis of anonymized IPD from randomized Phase II--IV schizophrenia trials obtained via YODA and Vivli.
Participants
Adults (>=18) with schizophrenia, schizoaffective, or related psychotic disorders with baseline and endpoint PANSS or BPRS assessments.
Outcomes
Primary: standardized mean differences (SMDs) for PANSS total change and corresponding psychometric changes (CFA factor scores, IRT theta scores, NA netscores).
Secondary: PANSS Positive/Negative/Disorganization/General domains, BPRS total, domain-specific factor scores, response/remission rates, and psychometrically derived SMD differences.
Statistical Analysis
CFA, IRT and NA will define model structures and generate factor, theta and net scores. Mixed-effects IPD meta-analyses will estimate treatment effects for raw totals and psychometric outcomes, with moderator analyses for sex and other covariates.
Brief Project Background and Statement of Project Significance:
Mental health problems affect 1 in 6 people across the EU (~84 million individuals) and
account for 4% of EU GDP, underscoring the societal and economic urgency of effective interventions [1,2]. Schizophrenia, among the most severe psychiatric illnesses, affects ~1 in 300 and remains highly burdensome, with 70--90% unemployment and ~15 years reduced life expectancy [1,5]. Treatment nonresponse persists in ~20--30% of patients despite modern antipsychotics; sex differences in treatment response, stigma tied to ethnicity, and misperceptions about schizophrenia further hinder outcomes [3,4]. Meanwhile, trial effect sizes have not increased over time and remain moderate (SMD ≈ 0.47) [6,7].
Efficacy in schizophrenia trials is typically measured by PANSS (gold standard) and BPRS clinician-rated scales [8,9,10]. Yet, their psychometric properties and capacity to detect treatment effects remain debated [10--12]. Advanced psychometric/statistical methods -- FA, IRT, and NA - can reduce measurement error (e.g., by removing non-performing items, or relying on psychometrically-derived scores) and may increase detectable effects [13--15]. A recent line of work suggests 10--15% larger effects when such methods are applied in depression [13,15,20], but no comprehensive multi-method application has yet been undertaken across schizophrenia trials [21].
EVIDENTIAL will combine IPD from schizophrenia trials and apply FA/IRT/NA to provide psychometrically-derived outcomes scores, then re-estimate treatment effects. We will:
- Establish best-fitting psychometric structures for PANSS/BPRS across trials
- Compare original vs. psychometrically-derived outcomes in IPD meta-analyses
- Explore sex (and where available/feasible, drug class/dose/region/ethnicity/diagnosis) as moderators/invariance factors
Going beyond the state-of-the-art & ambition
In treatment of schizophrenia, developments in psychosocial and pharmacological interventions are mainly based on the assumptions regarding the structure of symptoms, which are assessed by questionnaires, and assumed to be a total score for trial analysis [16].
- PANSS/BPRS psychometrics have been examined for factor structures [17,18]; recent LVM/NA applications yield mixed/contradictory findings and often lack sufficiently large, high-quality datasets [12,19].
- IPD across multiple RCTs addresses power and quality gaps; antidepressant IPD shows 10--15% effect increases after psychometric optimization [13, 20].
- Novelty in schizophrenia: No integrated FA/IRT/NA application across interventional schizophrenia IPD to date [21].
- Ambition: Apply multi-method psychometrics at scale; explicitly model sex and, where available/feasible, drug class/dose/region/ethnicity/disease type - to inform measurement-invariant outcomes and clinical applicability for future trials.
Specific Aims of the Project:
Aim
Determine whether applying state-of-the-art psychometric analyses to IPD from randomized trials of antipsychotics in Schizophrenia/Schizoaffective disorder/Psychotic disorders yields quantitatively or qualitatively important differences relative to the original trial results. A priori, we will consider differences important if psychometrically informed analyses produce (i) a >=10% relative change in the estimated treatment effect and/or an absolute change in Cohen's d (SMD) of >=0.10, and/or (ii) a qualitative change in inference, including a change in effect direction, statistical conclusion, or whether effects meet established clinical change benchmarks for PANSS/BPRS.
Objectives
1. Determine the optimum psychometric models (FA, IRT and NA) for PANSS/BPRS in randomized trials (e.g., domain structures and item functioning by method)
2. Ascertain whether applying these methods moderates the efficacy if schizophrenia treatment studies, in terms of increasing or decreasing effect sizes
3. Explore whether psychometric approaches reveal clinically meaningful qualitative differences, e.g. across symptom domains or sex (measurement invariance; domain-specific response)
Hypotheses
1. The optimum psychometric models for PANSS/BPRS will differ from the original total scoring conventions, and each other.
2. Psychometric analysis will lead to an altered antipsychotic treatment efficacy estimate due to the change in error measurement versus conventional total/subscale scores.
3. Psychometric analysis will identify qualitatively different models by important subgroup (e.g. sex).
Study Design:
Meta-analysis (analysis of multiple trials together)
What is the purpose of the analysis being proposed? Please select all that apply.:
Participant-level data meta-analysis
Meta-analysis using data from the YODA Project and other data sources
Develop or refine statistical methods
Other
Software Used:
R, RStudio
Data Source and Inclusion/Exclusion Criteria to be used to define the patient sample for your study:
Beside YODA, we will also use Vivli (https://search.vivli.org/) as data source.
Inclusion
- Phase II--IV,
- RCTs
- adult Schizophrenia, Schizoaffective Disorders, Psychotic Disorders
- PANSS/BPRS at baseline and endpoint; item-level IPD preferred
Exclusion
- Phase I/PK-only
- Pediatric
- trials lacking standardized PANSS/BPRS.
Primary and Secondary Outcome Measure(s) and how they will be categorized/defined for your study:
Primary Outcome Measures
1. Psychometrically-derived latent symptom domain scores
- Using CFA, IRT, and NA, psychometrically-derived models of schizophrenia symptoms will be generated separately for baseline and outcome (endpoint) timepoints.
- These models will produce scores representing key latent symptom domains (e.g., positive symptoms, negative symptoms, disorganization/general psychopathology, and affective symptom domains).
- These latent scores constitute the primary psychometric outcomes.
2. Psychometrically-derived difference outcome
- The difference between SMDs based on raw change scores and SMDs based on psychometrically-derived change scores will be reported, reflecting the degree to which advanced psychometric modelling alters estimated treatment effects.
Secondary Outcome Measures
1. SMDs for raw (original) total score change
- SMDs calculated using conventional PANSS or BPRS total score (baseline to endpoint).
2. SMDs for psychometrically-derived change scores
- The primary meta-analytic outcome will be the SMD representing change in the psychometrically-derived latent symptom scores from baseline to endpoint across intervention and control groups.
3. Remission-related outcomes
- Remission rates and absolute risk reduction (ARR) will be calculated using
(a) conventional remission definitions based on PANSS or BPRS total score thresholds, and
(b) corresponding thresholds based on psychometrically-derived scores.
Main Predictor/Independent Variable and how it will be categorized/defined for your study:
The independent variable in this study is the type of psychometric model applied to the PANSS and BPRS data. Several advanced modelling frameworks will be implemented, including:
- Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) to estimate predefined (weighted) latent symptom domains
- (Multidimensional) Item Response Theory ([M]-IRT) to model item-level properties and derive weighted latent scores that account for differential item functioning and non-linear item difficulty
- Network Analysis (NA) to capture symptom interdependencies, generating (weighted) network-derived scores based on centrality and connectivity patterns.
Each of these modelling approaches will produce a distinct psychometrically-derived scoring solution, which will be computed separately for both baseline and endpoint data. For each instrument (PANSS and BPRS), the resulting scores will represent refined latent symptom estimates that potentially more accurately reflect underlying psychopathological dimensions (e.g., positive, negative, disorganization/general, affective).
These psychometrically-derived scores will function as alternative, model-informed outcome measures, which will be directly compared with conventional raw total scores used in the original clinical trials. Change from baseline to endpoint will be calculated for both score types and expressed as SMDs.
This procedure mirrors established methods for evaluating the impact of psychometric refinement: SMDs derived from raw totals will be compared to SMDs derived from latent/model-based scores. This comparison will determine whether advanced modelling techniques meaningfully alter the magnitude or interpretation of treatment effects, thereby testing the extent to which psychometric sophistication influences clinical outcome estimation.
Other Variables of Interest that will be used in your analysis and how they will be categorized/defined for your study:
Demographics:
- Age
- Sex: Male, Female, Other / not specified
- Ethnicity
Study-level:
- country/region (Europe, North America, other)
- phase (II - IV)
- endpoint week (e.g., baseline, week 4, 6, 8 etc.)
- inpatient/outpatient (if available)
Clinical:
- baseline/follow-up PANSS/BPRS totals and item profiles
- Drug class/type/dose
- concomitant meds (if available)
- type of diagnosis
Statistical Analysis Plan:
Data management:
- Assign each study a unique ID; maintain arm and visit mappings.
- Build two harmonized item-level datasets: PANSS and BPRS (baseline & endpoint), retaining essential covariates (age, sex, arm, dose, country/region, diagnosis).
- Conduct complete-case analyses primarily; apply FIML within CFA/IRT or multiple imputation (sensitivity) where appropriate.
Psychometric modelling:
- Dimensionality: parallel analysis will be applied to PANSS and BPRS
o EFA -- CFA
o IRT; consider Mokken when ambiguous
o NA
- Fit: AIC/BIC, RMSEA/SRMR 0.95 (as feasible for scale length/distribution). Distribution checks (e.g., Henze--Zirkler) to pick robust estimators
- Measurement invariance (sex), differential item functioning (loadings/thresholds/R^2/intercepts)
- Factor scores: CFA (e.g., lavPredict), MIRT (expected.test; unstandardize as needed)
- symptoms with particular nodes of centrality will be assessed within NA
Modelling change and calculating effect sizes
Primary (continuous) analyses:
- IPD mixed-effects models predicting endpoint scores with arm as predictor and baseline as covariate; random intercepts for study (and arm).
o Model 1: raw total/subscale outcomes (e.g., PANSS total).
o Model 2: psychometric factor-score outcomes (e.g., PANSS latent domains).
o Model 3/4: Models 1/2 + covariates (e.g. sex)
- Transform estimates to Cohen's d (SMD) for comparability.
- Per-trial effect sizes computed similarly; combine via random-effects meta-analysis.
- Effect of interest per trial: SMD(factor) − SMD(raw); pool with random-effects meta-analysis.
- If possible, meta-regression for potential moderators (sex; and where available/feasible, drug class/dose/region/ethnicity/diagnosis).
Secondary (binary) analyses - Remission:
- Define remission using standard PANSS/BPRS thresholds; derive psychometric analogs using proportional thresholds of factor-score maxima.
- Mixed-effects logistic models (IPD) for remission (raw vs. psychometrically-derived), with and without covariates; compute absolute risk differences.
- Per-trial remission differences pooled via random-effects meta-analysis; potential moderators as above.
Reproducible analysis scripts; open-science sharing where allowed.
Narrative Summary:
The EVIDENTIAL project evaluates how advanced statistical and psychometric models can improve interpretation of schizophrenia trial outcomes. Current trials often rely on composite scales like the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) and the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS), typically analyzed as total scores, which may obscure variation across symptom domains (positive, negative, general). Using individual participant data from completed trials shared via the Vivli platform, the study will apply advanced psychometric analyses to refine symptom structures and re-run meta-analyses. The goal is to assess whether using advanced psychometrics alter the effects of antipsychotic medication compared with conventional methods.
Project Timeline:
Project Start Date: 01. January 2026
Data Access and Harmonization Initiated: January/February 2026
Protocol Drafted and First Submitted: March 2026
Psychometric Modelling Phase: March - June 2026
Meta-analytic Modelling and Sensitivity Analyses: July - September 2026
Manuscript Drafted and First Submitted: October 2026
Results Reported Back to the YODA Project: December 2026
Optional Extension Period (if required): January - December 2027
Dissemination Plan:
Four publications are planned to disseminate the findings from the EVIDENTIAL project, alongside one open-access study protocol describing the aims, hypotheses, and methods in detail. Working titles and target journals are listed below.
1. A protocol for evaluating psychometric and meta-analytic approaches in schizophrenia clinical trials using PANSS and BPRS outcome measures.
Target Journal: BMC Psychiatry / BJPsych Open or European Psychiatry.
2. Psychometric evaluation of PANSS and BPRS structures across randomized clinical trials: comparing factor analysis, item response theory and network models pre- and post-treatment.
Target Journal: Schizophrenia Bulletin / Psychological Medicine or European Psychiatry.
3. Comparing total-score versus psychometrically refined outcomes in antipsychotic trials: An individual participant data meta-analysis.
Target Journal: The Lancet Psychiatry / Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology or European Psychiatry.
4. Applying modern psychometric modelling to improve treatment effect estimation in schizophrenia clinical trials. (This will potentially be split into two papers for PANSS / BPRS each)
Target Journal: Journal of Psychiatric Research / Journal of Clinical Epidemiology or European Psychiatry.
We will also present project results at international conferences to reach both clinical and methodological audiences -- these presentations will mirror the planned journal outputs above.
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